Uttar Pradesh Academy of Administration and Management

A Project

Under

Abhyudaya Yojana

“Notes on Art and Culture”

S Ubmitted By :

Tanya

Vipin Kumar Shivhare

Ashw ani pandey

Indian civilization, present form of culture and its importance

Indian culture and civilization is the most ancient and rich culture and civilization of the world. It is considered the mother of all the cultures of the world. Be it the art of living, science or the field of politics, Indian culture has always had a special place. The cultures of other countries have been destroyed along with the flow of time, but the culture and civilization of India has remained immortal with its traditional existence since time immemorial.

Meaning of the word culture and difference between culture and civilization

Culture is the soul of any country, caste and community. It is from culture that all those values of the country, caste or community are understood, with the help of which it determines its ideals, life values, etc. Therefore, the simple meaning of culture is - rites, improvement, sophistication, purification, decoration etc.
In today's time, civilization and culture have started to be considered synonymous with each other, due to which many misconceptions have arisen in the context of culture. But in reality culture and civilization are different.

Civilization is related to the way of our external life, such as food, living, speech, etc., whereas culture is related to our thinking, thinking and ideology.
The field of culture is much wider and deeper than that of civilization. Civilization can be imitated but culture cannot be imitated.
It is clear from the above difference that the activities of both are different and both are also related to each other. Civilization exhibits the political, administrative, economic, technological and visual art forms of man, which play an important role in making life happy.
Whereas culture includes art, science, music, dance and higher achievements of human life. So it can be said that civilization is what we make and culture is what we are.

Ancient Form of Indian Culture:

Indian culture is one of the oldest cultures in the world. It is believed that Indian culture is as ancient as the cultures of Greece, Rome, Egypt, Sumer and China. Many Indian scholars consider Indian culture to be the oldest culture in the world.

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam:

We first get the most systematic form of Indian culture in the Vedic age. Vedas are considered to be the oldest scriptures of the world. From the very beginning, Indian culture has been very sublime, syncretic, strong and vibrant, in which a wonderful combination of scientific attitude towards life and spiritual attitude is found.
Indian thinkers have been considering the whole world as one family since time immemorial, the reason for this is their liberal outlook.
Our thinkers have deep faith in the principle of 'Udarcharitanaan Tu Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam'. In fact, the development of physical, mental and spiritual powers is the test of culture. Indian culture completely descends on this criterion.
In ancient India, for physical development, the body was strengthened through exercise, yama, niyama, pranayama, asana, celibacy etc. People lived long.

Ashram Arrangement:

The attainment of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha by following the Ashram system has been the basic mantra of Indian culture.
The true nature of Indian culture can be seen in ancient India's religion, philosophy, science, learning, art, literature, politics, sociology, etc.

Human Culture:

This culture is based on such principles which are new even though they are ancient. These principles are not for any country or caste but for the welfare of the entire human race. From this point of view Indian culture can be called human culture in true sense.
Being based on the principles of humanity, this culture has been able to preserve its existence despite all the setbacks.

This culture was not destroyed even in the midst of attacks by foreign races like Greeks, Parsians, Sakas, Mughals and British Empires. But because of its inherent quality of vitality, it became more strong and prosperous.

Present Form and Importance of Indian Culture:

The new dimension of Indian culture started with the foundation of the British Empire. During this period, the civilization tried to suppress the culture, so the true nature of the culture could not emerge.
In this era, the influence of western culture was on the social ethos. In place of joint family system, there was separation of families.
The doctrine of secularism pushed back religion. Science instead of the expected form of knowledge, materialism emerged and the cultural outlook of Indians deviated from its original goal.
The concept of modernism became easy to get into the society. There is a close relationship between globalization and modernization. When the nature of Indian culture became modern, then changes in certain directions were also visible.
The rise of philosophies like rationalism, rationalization and utilitarianism became a new form of culture, which has the aspiration of progress, the hope of development and the quality of adapting itself to change.
The roots of modernity are associated with the European Renaissance. In the European Renaissance, there were new discoveries and inventions, new versions of religion and philosophy emerged.
A new practice of art and science started, a fundamental revolution in the political and social system started. Therefore, as a result of this, a new consciousness was transmitted in Western Europe and Asia (India).
Technological development, rationalization, etc. brought about fundamental changes in all the fields resulting in a concept representing a specific position of the society.
The woman got her rightful place. That is, in the changed culture, the thinking towards women changed, now efforts are being made to take her towards empowerment. Many agitations and discussions were resorted to. In this way cultural, humanistic and individualistic nature was seen.
Emphasizing on the developing and creative nature of human beings, efforts were made not only of religion and logic, science and religion, but also of oriental and western ideologies.
The new form of culture saw urbanization leaving the culture of the villages. Special attention was paid to this. Migration from urbanization was also observed. Thus people left the old culture and started adopting the modern culture.

Conclusion:

Therefore, it is clearly noteworthy that there has never been a single culture in India, nor has there ever been a single culture in any major region. Spiritual culture has been prominent in this country. So the change in culture will be continuous.

Indian architecture

Indian architecture, which has evolved over the centuries, is a result of socio-economic and geographical conditions. Indian architecture belongs to different periods of history.

Sandhav Architecture

Indus art was utilitarian. The most impressive feature of the Indus Civilization was its city building plan and drainage system.
Fort plan, bathhouse, granary, Godivada, commercial complex etc. are important in the city planning of Indus civilization.
All the cities of the Harappan civilization were divided into rectangular blocks where roads intersected each other at right angles. This is called grid planning.
The urban area of the Harappan civilization had two parts - the upper town and the lower town. Special buildings were present in the western mound , such as bath, granary etc. There were simple buildings in the eastern mound , such as the one-chamber labor building etc.
In the Harappan period, apart from the use of solid and fixed size bricks, wood and stone were also used in the buildings.
A verandah was built in the center of the house and the main gate always opened at the back of the house.
Covered drains were made to drain the dirty water of the house and these were connected to the main drain to drain the dirty water.
Evidence of water-supply system has been found from 'Dholavira' where rain water was purified and supplied.
The Harappan civilization has two-storey buildings, stairs, the use of solid bricks, but circular pillars and windows in the house are not in trend.
No clear evidence of temple was found anywhere in the cities of Harappan civilization.
The huge granary from Harappa, the huge bathhouse at Mohenjodaro (39 × 23 × 8 ft), the granary and assembly hall complex and the commercial area complex from Lothal (Gujarat) and the largest Godivada are excellent examples of urban planning of the Harappan civilization.
The height achieved by the architecture in the Harappan civilization (2750-1700 BC) was over by the time of the Vedic period (1500-600 BC). Therefore, the Vedic period is a period of decline from the point of view of architecture.

Important sites of Harappan Civilization-

venue	discoverer	location	important discovery
Harappa	Dayaram Sahni (1921)	Located on the banks of the Ravi River in Montgomery District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.	sandstone sculptures of human body granary Bullock cart
Mohenjodaro (Mound of the Dead)	Rakhaldas Banerjee (1922)	It is located on the banks of the Indus River in the Larkana district of the Punjab province of Pakistan.	big bath granary bronze dancer statue seal of pashupati mahadev stone sculpture of a man with a beard knitted fabric
sutkangador	Stein (1929)	It is located on the banks of the Dasht River in the southwestern state of Pakistan, Balochistan.	It was the focal point of trade between Harappa and Babylon.
Chanhudaro	N.G. Majumdar (1931)	In the province of Sindh on the banks of the Indus River.	bead shops dog chasing cat
Amri	N Kj Minister. Majumdar (1935)	On the banks of river Indus.	evidence of deer
Kalibangan	Ghosh (1953)	On the banks of Ghaggar river in Rajasthan.	fire altars camel bones wooden plow
Lothal	R. Rao (1953)	Situated on the banks of river Bhogwa near the link of Cambay in Gujarat.	man-made port Godivada rice bran fire altars chess game
surkotada	JP Joshi (1964)	Gujarat.	horse bones beaded
Banawali	R S. Vish (1974)	Situated in Hisar district of Haryana.	beaded barley Evidence of Pre-Harappan and Harappan Cultures
dholavira	R.S.Visht (1985)	Situated in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.	drainage management water pool

Mauryan Architecture

introduction

The religions of the Shramana tradition, namely, Jainism and Buddhism emerged around the 6th century BCE.
The Mauryas had established themselves as a great power in the 4th century BC and by the 3rd century, they had large parts of India under their control.
There were many modes of religious practices during this Mauryan period including the worship of Yakshas and deities. Nevertheless, Buddhism became the most popular .
After the Harappan civilization, monumental stone sculpture and architecture appears only in the Maurya period.
Buildings like pillars, sculptures, rock-cut architecture, stupas, viharas and chaityas, which served many purposes. They are excellent in aesthetic-quality and also superb in their design and execution.

Maurya Pillar

The construction of pillars was also common in the Achaemenian Empire (Persian Empire) . There were similarities such as the use of polished stones, lotus-like motifs, while there are many variations. Where the Achamani pillars were built in pieces, the Maurya Empire saw the pillars being cut out of the rock , showing the superior skill of the carver.
According to Indian scholars, the source of the art of Ashoka's pillar is Indian.
Stone pillars can be seen throughout the Mauryan Empire. These were inscribed with proclamations and were used by Emperor Ashoka to spread the message of Buddha.
It generally has animal figures like bull, lion, elephant etc.
Examples of pillars: Sarnath, Basra-Bakhira, Rampurwa, Sankisa and Lauria-Nandgarh .
The best specimen of Ashoka 's pillar bears the title of the monolithic pillars Simhastambh at Sarnath.
Commemorative sculptures of Yaksha and Yakshini have been found in different parts of India and thus shows the popularity of Yaksha worship.

Rock-Cut Architecture / Monolithic Architecture

Monolithic elephant in Dhauli, Odisha – shows modeling in the round with linear rhythm. It also has an Ashokan edict.
Lomas Rishi cave : - have been a rock-cut cave recurring Hills. The entrance to the cave is decorated with a semicircular chaitya arch. An elephant is carved on the chaitya. The inner hall of the cave is rectangular; There is also a circular chamber behind it. Ashoka built this cave for the Ajivika sect.
Son Ashok Dasaratha had Nagarjuni hills delivered 3 caves to Ajavikon in. One of the famous caves is the Gopi cave . Their configuration is like a tunnel. It has a pitched roof in the middle and two circular mandapas at both ends, one of which should be considered as the sanctum and the other as the mukhamandapa. In this, Ashoka's home craft has been completely protected.

Stupas, Chaityas and Viharas

In the Maurya Empire , stupas and viharas were built by Buddhist and Jain monastic tradition, but most of the constructions are of Buddhism.
Some Brahmanical deities are also found in the idols here.
Stupas were built over the relics of Buddha at Rajagriha, Kapilvastu, Vaishali, Ramagrama, Allakappa, Pava, Vethadipa, Pippalvina and Kushinagar.
Stupas were built as Buddha's tombs
These stupas appear in an elliptical or hemispherical shape when viewed from a distance and they are divided into several stages which have different names.

The main part of which is pressed down residue him Eggs says it is a Solid Structure of the shape of the eggs.
A square structure is made just above the egg called the hermika .
A yashti is built over the Harmika and it is believed that Lord Buddha is seated in the yash, over whom the chhatra is built.

Mauryan : Art And Architecture

To separate it from the outside world, the stupa is closed by a boundary wall called the Vedika. In which some doors are also made for entry. These doors are called toran gates .
If you look at the Stupa of Sanchi, then beautiful carvings have also been used in its archway gates.
Sanchi has also been included in the World Heritage Site by UNESO in 1989.
Although there are many stupas in Sanchi, the most prominent among them is the Great Stupa which is considered to be the oldest.
The Sanchi Stupa, which was completely damaged, was repaired again during the British rule with the help of the Archaeological Survey of India , and today it is a major center of tourism.
Buddhism is one of the fastest growing religions in the world today, so the importance of these stupas automatically increases.

Chaityas were basically prayer houses in the Mauryan period and most of them were accompanied by stupas. Typically, the hall was rectangular and had a semi-circular rear end. They had horseshoe shaped windows. They also had pillars separating the hall with two pillars.

Viharas were the residences of monks.
Both the chaityas and viharas were built of wood, and the latter were also carved out of stone.

Famous Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
Buddhist pilgrimage site	State
Spituk Monastery, Shey Monastery	Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir)
Dhankhar Monastery, Key Monastery, Tabo Monastery	Himachal Pradesh
Tawang Monastery	Arunachal Pradesh
Rumtek Monastery	Sikkim
Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya	Bihar
Ghoom Monastery	West Bengal
Lalitagiri, Vajragiri and Ratnagiri	Odisha
Choodamani Vihara (Nagapatnam), Kancheepuram Monastery	Tamil Nadu
Nalanda, Vikramshila, Odantapuri Mahavihara	Bihar
Sirpur Buddha Vihar	Chhattisgarh

temple architecture

The process of temple construction started from the Maurya period itself, but later it was improved and the Gupta period is seen to be equipped with the characteristics of temples.
Apart from the structural temples, there were other types of temples which were carved out of rocks. Prominent among these is the Ratha-mandapa of Mahabalipuram which dates back to the 5th century.
The temples of the Gupta period are very small in size - there is a square platform (of brick) with a ladder to climb and in the middle there is a square chamber which acts as a sanctum.
The roof of the closet is also flat and there is no separate circumambulatory path.
The temples of this early period are the oldest structural temples in India: the Vishnu temple at Tigwa (Jabalpur, MP), the Shiva temple at Bhumra (Satna, MP), the Parvati temple at Nachna Kuthar (Panna, MP). M.P.), Dashavatar Temple of Deogarh (Lalitpur, U.P.), Temple of Bhirgaon (Kanpur, U.P.) etc.
Other names related to temple architecture, such as Panchayatana, Bhoomi, Vimana Bhadraratha, Karnaratha and Pratiratha etc. are also found in ancient texts.
The temple architecture style in North and South India was almost identical till the 6th century AD, but after the 6th century AD each region developed in different directions.
Further three types of styles Nagara, Dravida and Besar style were used in the construction of temples of Brahmin Hindu religion.

temple architecture

Nagar	Dravidian	baser
sail subgenre	Pallava subgenre	Rashtrakuta
Odisha subgenre	Chola subgenre	Chalukya
Khajuraho Subgenre	Pandya subgenre	Kakatiya
solanki subgenre	Vijayanagara subgenre	Hoysala
	hero subgenre

sequence	Tample	venue	Periods
1.	circular brick and timber temple	Bairat District Rajasthan	3rd century BC
2.	Sanchi Temple - 40	Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh)	3rd century BC
3.	Sanchi Temple-18	Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh)	2nd century BC
4.	oldest structural temple	Aihole (Karnataka)	4th century BC
5.	Sanchi Temple-17	Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh)	4th century
6.	Ladkhan Mandir	Aihole (Karnataka)	fifth century AD
7.	Durga Mandir	Aihole (Karnataka)	550 AD

nagar style

The word ' Nagar' is derived from Nagar. It is called Nagar style because it was first constructed in the city.
This structural temple is a style of architecture that was prevalent in the regions from the Himalayas to the Vindhya Mountains.
It was given adequate patronage by the ruling dynasties in northern India between the 8th and 13th centuries.
The hallmark features of the Nagara style are the predominance of the shikhara rising from the flat roof. It is also called transverse and hoisting coordination.
Nagara style temples are quadrangular from base to peak.
These temples are divided in height into eight parts, whose names are as follows- Moola (base), Garbhagriha, Masrak (the part between the foundation and the walls), Jangha (wall), Kapot (cornice), Shikhar, Gal (neck). , circular Amalaka and Kumbha (kalash with prong).
Temples built in this style were called 'Kalinga' in Odisha, 'Lat' in Gujarat and 'Parvatiya' in the Himalayan region.

Dravidian style

Dravidian style temples are found from Krishna river to Kanyakumari.
The Dravidian style originated in the 8th century and survived in far south India until the 18th century.
The hallmark features of the Dravidian style include the prakara (boundary wall), gopuram (entrance), square or octagonal sanctum (chariot), pyramidal spire, mandapa (Nandi mandapa), large concentric courtyard and octagonal temple structure.
Dravidian style temples are multi-storeyed.
The Pallavas gave birth to the Dravidian style, it attained heights during the Chola period and declined from the Vijayanagara period onwards.
In the Chola period, the Dravidian style of architecture amalgamated with sculpture and painting.
The Brihadeshwara Temple of Tanjore (built by the Chola ruler Rajaraja), included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, is a living example of the Dravidian style dating back 1000 years.
The Nayaka style developed further under the Dravidian style, examples of which are Meenakshi Temple (Madurai), Ranganatha Temple (Srirangam, Tamil Nadu), Rameshwaram Temple etc.

baser style

The mixed form of Nagara and Dravidian styles is called Besar style.
Temples of this style are found from Vindhyachal mountain to Krishna river.
Besara style is also called Chalukya style.
The shape of the Besar style temples is circular (circular) or semi-circular from the base to the summit.
An example of the Besar style is the Vaishnava temple of Vrindavan in which the gopuram is built.
After the Gupta period, there is a new turning point in the development of regional styles of architecture in the country.
The architecture of Odisha, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Bundelkhand is more important during this period.
Important temples were built in these places from the 8th to the 13th century.
During this period, Chalukya, Pallava, Rashtrakuta and Chola-yuga architecture emerged in South India with their own characteristics.

Dravidian Architecture

The temple architecture style in North and South India was almost the same till the 6th century AD, but after the 6th century AD each region developed in different directions. Thus further Brahmin Hinduism used three types of styles- Nagara, Dravida and Besara style in the construction of temples .

Characteristics of Nagara and Dravidian style of temples:

Dravidian style-

Dravidian style temples are found from Krishna river to Kanyakumari.
The Dravidian style originated in the 8th century and survived in far south India until the 18th century.
The hallmark features of the Dravidian style include the prakara (boundary wall), gopuram (entrance), square or octagonal sanctum (chariot), pyramidal spire, mandapa (Nandi mandapa), large concentric courtyard and octagonal temple structure.
Dravidian style temples are multi-storeyed.
The Pallavas gave birth to the Dravidian style, it attained heights during the Chola period and declined from the Vijayanagara period onwards.
In the Chola period, the Dravidian style of architecture amalgamated with sculpture and painting.
The Brihadeshwara Temple of Tanjore ( built by the Chola ruler Rajaraja ) , included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, is a living example of the Dravidian style dating back 1000 years.
The Nayaka style developed further under the Dravidian style, examples of which are Meenakshi Temple (Madurai), Ranganatha Temple (Srirangam, Tamil Nadu), Rameshwaram Temple etc.

Vijayanagara Architecture

Vijayanagara or "City of Victory" was the name of both a city and an empire.
The empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangam dynasty in the fourteenth century (AD 1336) .
It extends from the Krishna River in the north to the far south of the peninsula.
The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four important dynasties which are as follows:

confluence
suluv
tuluv
aravidu

Krishnadevaraya (reigned 1509-29) of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara. His rule was characterized by expansion and consolidation.

He is credited with building some of the best temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important South Indian temples . He also established a suburban settlement near Vijayanagara, which was called Nagalapuram .
He Telugu Amuktmlyd rule known by the name of (Amuktamalyada) composed of texts of art.

Dravidian architecture is preserved in parts of South India spread under the patronage of the Vijayanagara rulers .
Vijayanagara architecture is also noted for adopting elements of Indo-Islamic architecture in secular buildings such as the 'Queen's Bath' and Elephant Stables , which represent a highly developed multi-religious and multi-ethnic society.
Vitthal Temple:

It was built in the 15th century during the rule of Devaraya II , one of the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire .
It is dedicated to Vitthal and is also known as Vijaya Vitthal Temple.

Vitthal is considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu .

Vittal Temple is built in the Dravidian style of South Indian temple architecture .

Hampi:

Hampi , the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires of medieval India during the fourteenth century, is located in the state of Karnataka .

It was founded by Harihara and Bukka in the year 1336.

Classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (the year 1986) , it is also the " largest open-air museum in the world" .
Hampi is surrounded by the Tungabhadra River in the north and stony granite mountains on the other three sides . The 14th century ruins of Hampi are spread over an area of about 26 square kilometres.
The monuments of Vijayanagara city , also known as Vidya Sagar in honor of the Vidya Narayana saint , were built between 1336-1570 AD by kings ranging from Harihara-I to Sadashiv Raya etc. Most of the buildings here were built by the great ruler of Tuluva dynasty , Krishna Deva Raya (1509 -30 AD).
The temples of Hampi are known for their large dimensions, floral ornamentation, vivid carvings, huge pillars, splendid mandapas and sculptures and traditional painting depicting themes from Ramayana and Mahabharata .
The Vitthal temple at Hampi is a classic example of the artistic style of the Vijayanagara Empire. The idols of Goddess Lakshmi, Narasimha and Ganesh carved out of a single stone are notable for their vastness and grandeur. Located on Jain temple in the Krishna Temple, Pattabhiram Temple, Hazara Rama Chandra and Chandra Shekhar temple heads.

Hampi Rath:

It is one of the three famous stone chariots in India, the other two being at Konark ( Odisha ) and Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu) .
It was built in the 16th century on the orders of the Vijayanagara ruler, Raja Krishnadevaraya .

The Vijayanagara rulers ruled from the 14th to the 17th century .

It is a temple dedicated to Garuda, the official vehicle of Lord Vishnu .

Mughal Architecture

Mughal architecture, which is a mixture of Indian, Islamic and Persian architecture, a special style, the Taj Mahal is the culmination of Mughal architecture that was brought to Mughal India in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries . The beginning of Mughal architecture is considered to be from the time of Babur, but no special building was built during his period, only a few mosques were built.

Peel Khana : Mosque located near Aligarh.
Kabuli Nag: Mosque located in Panipat.
Sambhal : Mosque located in Rohilkhand.
Babri Masjid : Mosque built by Mir Baqi in Ayodhya.

Humayun Carpet Architecture

Din-Panah: A city built in Delhi.
Fatehabad Mosque:
Agra Mosque

Sher Shah period architecture

old Fort.
Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque.
Sher Shah's Tomb : - Situated in a lake in Sahasaram, Bihar. It is a symbol of Hindu and Muslim unity.

Akbar carpet

Akbar was the real father of Mughal architecture. Mostly red sandstone has been used in its construction. The main constructions of its period are as follows-
1. Humayun's Tomb: (Predecessor of Taj Mahal): - The first building of Akbar's period is Humayun's Tomb. It was built by Humayun's wife Haji Begum. It is said to be the predecessor of the Taj Mahal because it is built entirely of marble. Akbar's buildings can be divided into two parts. Red Fort buildings and Fatehpur Sikri buildings.

Red Fort Buildings:- The Red Fort of Agra was the first fort built by Akbar, its similarity is with the Gwalior Fort built by Man Singh. The main building under it is the Jahangiri Mahal. It is influenced by architecture. The second building inside it is the Akbari Mahal.
Fatehpur Sikri:- After his Gujarat conquest, Akbar started the construction of Fatehpur Sikri, the credit for its construction goes to Bahauddin. Most of the buildings of Fatehpur Sikri are made of red sandstone, but marble has also been used in some buildings. In Ain Akbari, Abul-Fazl has written that "the architecture which the emperor conceives in his imagination, he gives the real form in the construction of the building". Following are the major buildings of Fatehpur Sikri-

Jodha Bai's Palace:- This is the largest building of Fatehpur Sikri which is influenced by Hindu architecture.
Panchmahal or Hawa Mahal: - It is influenced by Buddhist Viharas.
Mariam Mahal :- Murals have been found in it.
Jama Masjid : - This is the most beautiful building of Fatehpur Sikri. Marble has also been used in this. The famous artist Fungusson called it a romantic story in stone. It was from here that Akbar announced the Din-i-Ilahi (Twaundam pad jim jaijavadmad).

Buland Darwaza:- Buland Darwaza is situated to the south of Jama Masjid. It was built to commemorate the Gujarat conquest, its height was increased after the southern conquest. Thus it is a symbol of Gujarat and South victory. It is called the pride of Fatehpur Sikri. It is 176 feet high above ground level. The tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti:- Located in the courtyard of Jama Masjid, Jahangir later built it completely out of marble. Deewane Khas:- This is the worship food of Akbar. Where discussions were held every Thursday.

Forts built by Akbar

Agra Fort
Lahore Fort
Allahabad Fort :- Biggest
Ajmer Fort
Attock Fort

Akbar's Tomb - It is located in Alexandria, it is three-storeyed, its main feature is the absence of a dome. It is influenced by Buddhist Viharas. The construction work of this tomb started only in the time of Akbar but it was completed in the time of Jahangir.

Jahangir's architecture

The main building of Jahangir's period is the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah.
Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb: It was built by Nur Jahan, it is the first building built entirely of marble. For the first time in this building, the use of Pitra Dura (Chammajatantanand) is also visible. In Pitradura, inlaid colored stones were used for decoration. It is built in Agra. Jahangir's Tomb in Shahdara:- Shahdara is located in Lahore, this tomb of Jahangir was built by Nur Jahan. Note :- Jahangir also got Shalimar Bagh established in Kashmir. Jahangir is also considered the builder of gardens because most of his constructions are in large gardens. Shalimar Bagh in Lahore was built by Shah Jahan and Asafjah got Nirat Bagh built.

Shah Jahan Carpet Tomb

The period of Shah Jahan is considered to be the second golden age of Indian history. From the point of view of architecture, this was the golden period of the Mughal period. The main features of this architectural art were as follows-
1. Most of the buildings are made of marble . This marble was brought from Makrana located in Nagaur. It is considered to be the best kind of marble.
2. Four-four domes and beautiful arches have been coordinated in the buildings. 3. The use of yellow dura is visible. 4. Most of the buildings were built in the middle of gardens with artificial canals and fountains. Due to this, Shah Jahan is also known as the builder of canals. The buildings of Shah Jahan are mainly found in both Agra and Delhi.

Agra buildings

1. Deewane Mango :- The first building of Shah Jahan built in marble in 1627 AD in Agra Fort. 2. Deewane Khas 3. Moti Masjid :- It was built in 1654 AD. It is made of pure marble. 4. Khas Mahal 5. Sheesh Mahal : - Royal Bath 6. Nagina Masjid 7. Musmat Burj : - This is where Shah Jahan used to see Jharokha. 8. Machi Bhawan 9. Chameli Mahal 10. Anguri Bagh

Shahjahanabad:- Its construction was started in 1638-39 AD. It was completed in about nine years. It was here that Shah Jahan established his capital. Its western gate is called Lahori Darwaza while the south gate is called Delhi Darwaza.

Red Fort:- Shah Jahan built the Red Fort inside Shahjahanabad itself. At that time its name was Qila-e-Mubarak or the Fort of Fortune. Inside the Red Fort, Shah Jahan built Rangmahal, Moti Mahal and Heera Mal.

Jama Masjid:- Jama Masjid was built in 1648 AD. It has a total of three domes, it is the largest mosque in India.

Taj Mahal:- This is the most beautiful building among all the buildings of Shah Jahan. Its construction started in 1631 AD and it was completed in about 22 years in 1653. It was built by the emperor in the memory of his beloved Begum Mumtaz Mahal . The main artist of the construction of Taj Mahal was Ustad-Ahmad-Lahori.

Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb was not interested in architecture. But some buildings were built during its time also.
1 . Moti Masjid of Red Fort:- Aurangzeb built Moti Masjid in 1662 AD in Red Fort of Delhi. 2. Badshahi Mosque: – In 1674 AD Aurangzeb built the Badshahi Mosque of Lahore. 3. Rabia Uddrauni's Tomb:- This tomb was built in Aurangabad by Aurangzeb in the memory of his wife, it is also called Bibi Ka Maqbara. It is called the second Taj Mahal or a sloppy copy of the Taj Mahal.

modern indian architecture

After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal power gradually began to weaken, European companies took advantage of it. After the weakening of the central Mughal power in India, regional rulers started ruling by occupying a particular area, after defeating these rulers, the British ruled India till 1947. Therefore, with the suzerainty of European powers on India in the modern period, European influence in architecture also started because European people also had a rich knowledge of architecture which is also visible in Indian architecture. The British built buildings of European styles like Gothic and Neogothic, Imperial, Christian, Victorian, Neoclassical, Romanceque and Renaissance.

The British adopted the European style to give the Indian colony a homely atmosphere, to demonstrate their cultural superiority and to maintain a distance from the Indian people. The Town Hall of Mumbai built in 1833 AD and many buildings built in Mumbai in the 1860s are examples of neoclassical style, in which geometric structures were built behind large pillars.

Many buildings like Mumbai's Secretariat, University, High Court were built in the Neogothic style, which were liked by the merchant class of the time. The best example of Neogothic style is the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in present-day Mumbai which was once the station and headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company, Victoria Terminus. It has also been included in the World Heritage List.

The Indo-Saracenic style is a mixture of Hindu, Muslim and Western elements, adopting domes, chhatris, jaalis and arches. The British built public buildings, such as post offices, railway stations, rest houses, government offices, etc. in this style.

William Emerson drew inspiration from the Taj Mahal in creating the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, a symbol of the increasing amount of Indian elements in British architecture. Further, this style came to the fore in the construction of St. John's College Agra, Allahabad University (Mure College) and Madras High Court.

Delhi architecture

The Metcalfe House (1835) and St. James Church (1836) in the Kashmere Gate area in Delhi are the oldest British architectural specimens in Delhi.

Apart from this Town Hall (1866), Ghantaghar (1868), St. Stephen's College (1881), Hindu College (1866), Ramjas College (1917) etc. are important architectures of that period.
British officers lived in the Civil Lines area before New Delhi was declared the country's new capital in the year 1911.
The work of architecture of the new capital or New Delhi was entrusted to Edwin Landseer Lutyens and Herbert Baker.
Viceregal Lodge became the first residence of the Viceroy, later it was renamed Delhi University (1922 AD).
Lutyens was responsible for the construction of the City of New Delhi and the Government House and Herbert Baker the two parts of the Secretariat (North and South Blocks) and the Council House.

Rashtrapati Bhavan (1929 AD)

The architect of the Viceroy's Palace (now Rashtrapati Bhavan) was Edwin Lutyens.

Lutyens' associate chief engineer Hugh Keeling and Indian collaborators included Haroon al-Rashid, Susan Singh and their son Shobha Singh (father of English writer Khushwant Singh).
This huge building has four storeys and 340 rooms.
The main dome of Rashtrapati Bhavan, built of red sandstone, is modeled on the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi and the jaalis on the lines of Mughal architecture.
Another feature of Rashtrapati Bhavan is the use of Indian temple bells in its pillars.
Rashtrapati Bhavan is the tallest building in Delhi built on Raisina Hill.

Parliament House Estate (1927 AD)

It consists of Parliament House, Parliamentary Gyanpeeth (Library), Parliament House and its surrounding wide lawns etc.

Its architects were Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and it took 6 years (1921-27 AD) to build it.
Its large circular area houses the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and the erstwhile library (earlier it was the Princess Chamber) and a garden courtyard between them.
The central chamber is circular and its 98-foot diameter dome is considered one of the grandest domes in the world.
On August 15, 1947, the transfer of power to India by the British rule and the formation of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly took place in this room.

India Gate

It is a war memorial which was constructed in 1931 AD in memory of the soldiers who died in the First World War and the Afghan War.

This huge gate, 43 meters high, is built in red sandstone at Rajpath Delhi, whose architect was Lutyens.
Architectural comparison of India Gate Trimphal Arch, Rome; Arch from the Trimpe (Paris) and the Gateway of India.
Connaught Place (the present Rajiv Chowk) was designed by 'Robert Tor Russell'.

Indian Sculpture

India has a prestigious place in the field of art in the ancient world. While the Yavanas were paramount in depicting the corporeal beauty of the human body, the Egyptians in depicting the magnificence of their pyramids and the Chinese in depicting the beauty of nature, the Indians were unique in their attempts to mold their spirituality into sculptures; The spirituality in which the high ideals and beliefs of the people were rooted.
Even in the Stone Age, man used to skillfully shape his stone tools by cutting or pressing techniques, but sculpture in India came into existence in its original form only during the Harappan Civilization.

Harappan sculpture

In the Harappan civilization, all three were sculpted by terracotta (clay idols), stone idols and metal sculptures.
Clay idols were made from red clay and glassy clay made from stone powder called quartz.
Copper and bronze were mainly used in the Harappan civilization for the manufacture of metal sculptures.
The Yogi idol of Mohenjodaro (half-open eyes, eyes fixed on the tip of the nose, small head and well-groomed beard) made of rock-cut stone is proof of its artistry.
The metal sculpture (bronze) of a dancer found from Mohenjodaro is also a unique specimen of sculpture.
The sculpture of a cartman driving a bullock cart from the Harappan period, Daimabad (Maharashtra) is also an excellent example of sculpture.
Whistles, rattles, toys and Taurus etc. were mainly made in the Harappan period in terracotta.

Mauryan Sculpture

The bright polish (Op), the expressiveness of the sculptures, the stone pillars made of monolithic stone and their artistic spire (top) are the characteristics of Mauryan sculpture.
In the idols that have been available during the Maurya period, stone and clay idols have been found, but no metal idols have been found.
In the Mauryan period, the idols were made by sticking method (using fingers or pinches) or by casting.
The subjects of Mauryan sculptures are animals, birds, toys and humans. That is, these idols are idols with a non-religious purpose.
The stone sculptures are mostly made by the rulers, yet no deity has been cast in the stone idol yet. That is, the purpose is secular.
In the Mauryan period, sandstone of Chunar and red-spotted stone have been used in the sculpture obtained from the place of Parakham in the making of stone idols.
The idols of Mauryan period have been received from many places, such as Pataliputra, Vaishali, Taxila, Mathura, Kaushambi, Ahichchhatra, Sarnath etc.
From the point of view of art, beauty and shiny polish, the sculpture of Emperor Ashoka's period is considered to be the best.
The 7.5 feet high male idol from Parkham (UP), Digambara statue (Lohanipur Patna) and Yakshini idol from Didarganj (Patna) are typical examples of Mauryan art.
The figures of four lions on the top of the Sarnath pillar and the chitra-vallli below it are the finest specimens of Ashokan sculpture, which is our national symbol today.
According to some scholars, the art of Iran and Greece had influence on Mauryan sculpture.

Shunga/Kushan Sculpture

From the 1st century AD, along with sculptures, statues also appeared in this period and new sculptural styles also arrived.
Symbolism is the main feature of the sculpture of this period.
Gandhara style and Mathura style developed during this period.

Gandhara style

It is a purely religious stone sculpture style related to Buddhism.
It emerged in the time of Kanishka I (1st century) and Taxila, Kapisha, Pushkalavati, Bamiyan-Begram etc. were its main centers.
The Gandhara style used brown stone or black gray stone from the Swat Valley (Afghanistan).
Under the Gandhara style, Buddha statues or statues are found in both the postures (sitting) or sthanaka (standing).
In the Gandhara style of sculpture, Lord Buddha is often clothed, with curly hair and a mustache, urna on the forehead, a halo on the back of the head, and the robe is full of frills or slippers.
The grandeur of the Buddha-statue in the Gandhara art style shows the Greek and Hellenistic influence on Indian art.

mathura style

It is related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmin-Hinduism, all three.
The longevity of Mathura art style has been from the 1st century AD to the 4th century AD.
The main centers of Mathura art are Mathura, Taxila, Ahichatra, Shravasti, Varanasi, Kaushambi etc.
The Mathura style used red-spotted stone or white-spotted stone of Sikri Rupbal (medieval Fatehpur Sikri).
The Buddha is also depicted in both the asana (sitting) and sthanaka (standing) positions in the Mathura sculpture style.
In the Mathura style Buddha is often depicted without clothes, hairless, faceless, without ornamentation but with a halo behind.
In Mathura art, the Buddha is depicted in all the famous postures, such as in the Varadahast Mudra, Abhaya Mudra, Dharma Chakra Pravartan Mudra and Bhumi Sparsh Mudra.

Comparison of Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati Art Styles
base	Gandhara style	mathura style	Amaravati Style
Periods	post-Maurya period	post-Maurya period	post-Maurya period
protection	of the Kushan rulers	of the Kushan rulers	of the Satavahana kings
effect extension	North-West Frontier, Modern Kandahar Region	Mathura, Sonkh, Kankli Tila and adjoining areas.	In the lower Krishna-Godavari valley, in and around Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.
external influence	Widespread influence of Greek or Hellenistic sculpture	This style has indigenous influence, here external influence is absent.	This style also developed indigenously.
religious affiliation	Mainly Buddhist painting influenced by Greco-Roman pantheon temples	Influence of all the three religions of that time, i.e. Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism	Mainly the influence of Buddhism
material used	The early Gandhara style saw the use of bluish-grey sandstone, while the later period witnessed the use of clay and plaster.	use of spotted red sandstone	white marble use
Features of Buddha Statue	Wavy curly hair, spiritual or yogi posture, ornamentless, hairless, half-closed-half-open eyes.	Cheerful face, tight clothing, fit body, hair shaven head, Padmasana posture and aura at the back of the head	The sculptures generally depict stories from the life of Buddha and the Jataka arts.

Amaravati (Dhanyakataka) Sculpture

Due to the development of this style in Amravati, it was called Amaravati style.
Amaravati is located in south India near Guntur district (Andhra Pradesh) in the lower reaches of the Krishna River.
This style arrived in the Satavahana period (2nd century).
In this style, sculptures have been made on religious themes and stone sculptures have been made more.
Here in another statue is engraved a scene of Buddha's wicked cousin Devadatta pacifying the mad elephant Nilgiris left on him.
A famous engraving from Amaravati in the 2nd century AD depicts four women worshiping the feet of the Buddha.
Another example of the sophisticated style of Amaravati is found in the beautiful Argala forest. The engraved scene depicts Prince Rahula appearing before his father Buddha as he visits his family in his former palace.
In this style, where there is a vision of liveliness and devotion, in some sculptures, expression related to work is also seen.
The stupa found at Amravati is the oldest and quite famous.

occult sculpture

Apart from all the three religions (Buddhist, Jain, Brahmin-Hinduism) in Gupta sculpture, idols of non-religious subjects have also been made.
Sarnath, Mathura and Pataliputra were the main centers of Gupta sculpture.
The purity, body beauty, genuine gesture and liveliness of the Gupta sculptures gave height to the art.
The Dharma Chakra Pravartan Mudra obtained from Sarnath and the 7.5 feet high, 12 ton Buddha statue from Sultanganj (Bihar) are very special.
Hindu influence on Jainism was increasing during the Gupta period, so the idols of Indra, Surya, Kuber etc. started being made next to the Tirthankaras.
Under the Gupta period Jainism, idols of giant Bahubali started being made.
The recognition of Dashavatar came in the Gupta period. Therefore, during this period, most of the idols became related to Brahmin-Hindu religion.
Ten incarnations of Vishnu have been embodied at places like Ellora (Dashavatar idols), Khajuraho, Deogarh, etc. Among them the Sheshasayi Vishnu idol of Deogarh is famous.
Matsyaavatar and Kachchapavatar idols found from Dhaka, Udayagiri cave idols, Ras-lila idols of Nar-Narayan and Krishna from Bhumra (Rajasthan), Varaha Avatar images from the temple of Bhilsa and the famous Trimurti Gupta sculptures from Alipanta There is evidence of uniqueness.
Buddha statue (Sarnath), 11 Manushi Buddha statue (Ellora) and depiction of Buddha's first sermon in Bhumi Sparsh mudra are also important examples of Gupta sculpture.
In the Bamiyan Valley (Afghanistan) of the Hindukush mountain range, two grand statues of Buddha were cut in the 6th-7th century on the 'Silk Route', which was the top specimen of Gandhara art. It was demolished by the radical Taliban regime in March 2001.

Chalukyan Sculpture

Its four major centers are Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakoot. These four are located in the state of Karnataka.
The Chalukya idols are strong and gigantic and the limbs are proportionate.
Found in Badami (Karnataka) 18 hand idols of Nataraja, idol of Trivikram form of Vishnu, Varaha avatar idol and Vaikuntha Narayana idol of Vishnu have been found.
The idols of Pattadakal are calm, balanced, energetic, vibrant and grand in Chalukya craft.
The Tripurantaka and Darkha statues found from Pattadakal as well as the Ravana lifting Mount Kailash have received special praise.
Aihole sculptures show special skill in the figurative representations; Such as rhythmicity, deep stripes are visible on dhoti and other clothes.
The Durga temple at Aihole is considered an important example of Chalukya sculpture.
The idols of Ardhanarishvara, Lakulish and Harihara are particularly noteworthy in the Mahakuteshwar temple of Mahakoot.

Rashtrakuta Sculpture

During this period, mainly sculpture work has been done in Ellora, Elephanta and Kanheri of Maharashtra.
Various forms of Shiva are depicted in detail in Ellora or Verul and Elephanta.
Ellora has examples of sculptures of Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti and Surya, while Kanheri (Maharashtra) has examples of Buddhist sculptures.
The energy of the Ellora idols is as per the story, but there is no vitality in it. The idols are made by cutting the rocks out of them.
The idols are wearing less clothes but more ornaments.
Most of the idols of Ganga and Yamuna have been made as gatekeepers outside all the caves of Ellora.

Paleolithic Sculpture

The Pala rulers of Bengal were Buddhists, so Buddhist art received patronage during their reign.
The idols of Buddha, Avalokiteshvara, Maitreya, Hariti, Bodhisattva, Manjushree, Tara etc. were made in the Pala era.
The elements of abundance of expressions, ornamentation and predominance of signs are effectively visible in the sculptures made in the Pala style.
The influence of Sarnath art is considered to be on Pala period sculpture, under which the idols wearing light, single body and transparent clothes are prominent.
The Pala period sculptures are made of soft basalt stones of brown and black color found from Gaya and Rajmahal (Bihar).
Due to the softness of the stones, it was possible to sculpt the features of sculpture and finely engraved the ornaments.
The Pala idols are inscribed and the dates are also given in them.
In the Pala idols, examples are mainly found of the gods and goddesses, there has been a lack of temporal subjects in them.
Buddhist, Jain and Brahmin sculptures made in the Pala style have similarities in the level of style, but differ in the level of weapons, vehicles and symbolism.
The most figurative representations of Buddhist deities influenced by tantra are found in Pala sculptures.
Nalanda, Gaya, Kashipur, Shankarbandh, Kurkihar etc. are the main sites of Pala sculpture.

Sculpture of Bundelkhand (Khajuraho)

The flourishing period of crafts in Khajuraho is believed to be from the 9th to the middle of the 12th century.
In Khajuraho also idols have been carved on the walls of the temple, sanctum sanctorum, shikhara, circumambulation etc.
In the sculptures of Khajuraho, along with artistic development, signs of work-feeling are clearly visible.
Sculptures have contributed a lot in making Khajuraho world famous. These have been made in ethereal and dance-postures, embellished with ornaments.
In Khajuraho, idols of gods and goddesses, Tirthankaras and the family of gods, as well as adornment-headed idols, idols of folk-life and the idol of the imaginary animal 'Vyal' are prominent.
Most of the idols of sex-playing scenes have been made in the temples of Khajuraho.
Such idols engaged in rātikriya have both normal and unusual sexual intercourse scenes.

Rajasthan-Gujarat Sculpture

The Solanki or Chalukya kings of Gujarat got the work done in the Dilwara Jain temples built on Mount Abu in Sirohi district of Rajasthan.
There is a syncretic trend in the art-style of the sculptures of this period, such as the marking of Krishna Leelas in the Dilwara Jain Temple, Ardhanarishvara in the Sun Temple of Modhera (Gujarat), Harihara in addition to the forms of Surya, Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu etc. .

sultanate sculpture

During the period of Muslim rulers, sculpture declined due to lack of state patronage, but it did not lose its existence.
The sculptures of Konark, Jagannathpuri, Vijayanagara and Tanjore at the local and regional levels were built during the Sultanate period itself.

Mughal Sculpture

Although the sculpture was far from state patronage even during the Mughal period, the work of Sangatrasi continued.
Due to the tolerance of Akbar, the idols of Jaimal and Fatta were made under Jharokha Darshan in the Agra Fort.
During the Mughal period a new art of making artistic sculptures from ivory developed.

Modern period / British period sculpture

An important art school related to sculpture was opened in Lucknow during this period.
Bengal, Mumbai, Jaipur, Madras, Gwalior, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab emerged as major centers of sculpture during the British period.
After independence, Devi Prasad Rai Chowdhury was the first sculptor to break away from the European style, who worked in bronze medium with an Indian touch.
The martyr memorial in front of Patna Secretariat in Bihar has been built by Devi Prasad Rai Chaudhary.
After this, Ramkinkar Baij added new dimensions to sculpture and provided a strong base to Indian sculpture.
The statue of 'Santhali Parivar', made in 1938 by Ramkinkar Baij, received much praise.
New experiments are being done in today's sculpture and beautiful sculptures are being made from plaster of paris.
Jaipur (Rajasthan) is the main center of sculpture in the country.
The major centers of metal art in modern India are Madras, Tiruchirappalli, Tanjore, Mumbai, Bhuj and Varanasi.
Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh is major for copper and bronze metal work.

10 different postures and hand gestures of Buddha and their meaning

Followers of the Buddha use the image of the Buddha as a symbolic gesture to evoke particular thoughts through scripture during Buddhist meditation or ritual.

1. Dharmachakra Mudra

Dharmachakra Mudra

This mudra was first performed by the Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment at Sarnath . In this mudra, both the hands are kept in front of the chest and the left hand part is inwards while the right hand part is kept outside.

2. Meditation Mudra

Dhyan Mudra

This posture is also called "samadhi or yoga posture" and refers to the position characteristic of "Buddha Shakyamuni", "Mediter Buddha Amitabha" and "Physician Buddha" . In this mudra, both the hands are kept on the lap, the right hand is placed on the left hand with the fingers fully extended and the thumb is kept upwards and the fingers of both the hands are kept on each other. is.

3. Bhumisparsh Mudra

Bhumisparsa Mudra

The currency " touch the earth " ( "Touching the Earth" ) is called, which represents the time of the Buddha's enlightenment is because the currency of the Earth that Buddha claims to have witnessed their knowledge. In this mudra, keeping the right hand on the right knee, the palm is taken inwards towards the ground and the lotus is touched to the throne.

4. Varad Mudra

Varada Mudra

This mudra represents offering, welcome, charity, giving, kindness and honesty. In this mudra, the right hand is kept hanging naturally along the body, the palm of the open hand is kept out and the fingers remain open and the left hand is placed on the left knee.

5. Karan Mudra

Karana Mudra

This mudra indicates protection from evil. The currency of the micro level is Gni and bent to pick up the little finger and the other finger. It helps the doer to exhale by expelling obstacles like illness or negative thoughts .

6. Vajra Mudra

Vajra Mudra

This mudra symbolizes the five elements of the fiery thunderbolt, namely air, water, fire, earth, and dhatu . The right fist to his left index finger in the currency in touch right index finger to the top of the switch to fold, right index finger (or around Gumate) are made of.

7. Trading Currency

Vitarka Mudra

It symbolizes the propagation and discussion of the teachings of the Buddha. In this mudra, the upper part of the thumb and forefinger are joined together, while the other fingers are kept straight. It is almost like Abhaya Mudra but in this mudra the thumb touches the index finger.

8. Abhaya Mudra

Abhaya Mudra

This currency fearlessness or reflects the blessings which is security, peace, represents benevolence, and dispelling fears that the "Buddha Sakyamuni" and "meditative Buddha Am Ogsiddhi" display characteristics that. In this mudra, the right hand is raised to the shoulder, the arm is bent and the palm is kept outward by raising the fingers upwards.

9. Uttarbodhi Mudra

Uttarabodhi Mudra

This mudra signifies the attainment of supreme enlightenment by associating oneself with the divine universal energy. In this mudra, both the hands are folded and kept near the heart and the index fingers are touching each other and the other fingers are turned inwards.

10. Anjali Mudra

Anjali Mudra

It "Hello in Udraa" or "Hridayanjli currency" says that salutation, is represented by the gesture of prayer and worship. In this mudra, the doer's hands are usually over the abdomen and thighs, the right hand is in front of the left, palms facing up, fingers fused and thumbs touching each other's forearms.

INDIAN PAINTING

Among the various forms of art, 'painting' is the subtlest form of art which expresses human thought and emotion through lines and colours.

In prehistoric times, man lived in caves, so he painted on the walls of the caves.
Gradually, with the development of urban civilization, this painting came out of the caves on clothes, buildings, utensils, coins, papers etc.

prehistoric painting

The credit for bringing prehistoric painting to light in India goes to the Asiatic Society in Carlyle, Kakarbonn and Panchanan Mishra and the institutions that uncovered the cave paintings of the hills of Mirzapur (Kaimur).

bhimbetka

It was discovered by Dr. Vishnu Sridhar Wakankar in 1957-58.
It is a Palaeolithic cave dwelling in Raisen district (MP) which continued till the middle historical period.
It is at the lower end of the Vindhyachal hills and the Satpura hills begin to its south.
There are more than 700 rock shelters in Bhimbetka out of which 400 rock shelters are decorated with paintings.

Features of prehistoric painting:

Most of the pictures of hunting are found in these paintings.
In these, an attempt has been made to mark animals and birds with postures.
Pointed spears, shields and bow-arrows etc. have been shown near the hunters.
Some of the paintings depicted Adi religion and sorcery and agricultural life.
Colors are not widely distributed, although some paintings have been painted with colors such as ocher, chalk and black.
Other specimens of prehistoric painting have been found from Mirzapur (U.P.), Raigarh (Maharashtra), Pachmarhi and Hoshangabad (M.P.), Shahabad (Bihar) etc.
The prehistoric cave paintings of India are remarkably similar to the rock shelter paintings of Spain.
These paintings are primitive inscriptions prepared in a crude but realistic manner.

Harappan painting

It was an urban civilization in which clay toys, seals, utensils etc. have the impression of painting.
Here most of the characters have been painted with black paint with red paint. It is a symbol of BRW (Black and Red Ware) culture.
Apart from geometrical drawings, drawings of humans, animals, birds, plants etc. are also found here.
In some drawings dots and stars have been used to fill the space.

transition period

After the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization, the stream of painting seems to have waned.
The detailed description of painting is not available even in the Vedic period and the Mahajanapada period.
The expansion of other religious ideologies including Buddhism and Jainism played an important role in the development of painting.
500 BC to 200 BC Evidence of painting with red, black and white colors has often been found in the caves of Jogimara (Chhattisgarh) and Sitabeng.
The caves named Jogimara and Sitabeng are located in the Ramgarh hills of Surguja (Chhattisgarh).
'Jogimara' symbolizes the continuity of Indian painting.
After that, Indian painting has touched heights in Ajanta, Bagh and Badami during the period from 200 AD to 700 AD.

Ajanta Painting

There are a total of 30 caves in Ajanta, located in the Sahyadri hills in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
These horseshoe-shaped (semicircular) caves are carved out of an igneous rock at the left end of the Vaguarna river valley, which took 8 centuries (2nd Cent. BC to 7th Cent. AD) to execute.
Among the paintings made on the walls (murals) and ceilings of the caves, the most important paintings are related to the Jataka tales (Buddha).
Caves 9 and 10 at Ajanta contain the earliest paintings, which bear a resemblance to the sculptures of Amaravati and human figures of the Satavahana period (2nd BC) with costumes, ornaments and ethnic features.
The paintings of Cave No. 16 & 17, made during the fifth century, also mention the Andhra and Vakataka rulers.
The best picture in the 16th cave is of a dying princess and the teachings of Mahatma Buddha.
The paintings of cave numbers 1, 2 and 5 were made from the fifth century to the sixth century, that is, the last.
These caves (1, 2, 5) depict Jataka stories with elaborate ornamentation and ornamental designs.
Cave number one also has images of Padmapani Avalokiteshvara, Mar-Vijay and exchange of messengers with Chalukya king Pulakeshin II and Emperor Khusrau II of the Sassanian Empire of Iran.
In the painting of Ajanta, such a picture has been made with the help of lines, dark-bright pink, brown, vermilion, green etc., whose brightness remains even after thousands of years.
A special feature of the paintings of Ajanta is the nature depiction of its characters.

tiger cave painting

These caves are located in the Vindhya mountain range located in the Kukshi tehsil of Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh.
There are a total of nine caves in Bagh which are contemporary to Ajanta.
Apart from Buddhism, paintings of ordinary life are also found in abundance in the caves of Bagh. That is, they are more worldly and human than Ajanta.
The paintings of the tiger bear a resemblance to the paintings of caves number one and two at Ajanta; That is, pictures with ornate and ornamented.
Stylistically, both Ajanta and Bagh are similar, but the design of the tiger is also impressive.

Badami painting

Badami is located in the Malaprabha river basin of Bagalkot district in northern Karnataka, whose establishment is dated to the 6th century.
It is attributed to Raja Mangalesh, the patron of the arts of the Chalukya dynasty.
Badami or Vatapi has the earliest evidence of painting related to Brahmin-Hinduism, Jainism.
Here the depiction of Shiva-Parvati, Nataraja and Indra Sabha is visible.
The technique of painting in Vatapi art is similar to that of Bagh and Ajanta.
The paintings of Ajanta, Bagh and Badami are excellent representations of the classical tradition of the North and the South.

sittanvasal painting

The paintings on the walls of temples in the caves of Sittanavasal in Pudukottai district of Tamil Nadu date back to the ninth century.
These caves belong to people associated with Siddha, Shaivism and Jainism.
Sittanvasal's paintings are closely related to Jain themes and symbolism, but use the same criteria and techniques as Ajanta.
A dense lotus forest is depicted on the roof of the temple here.
The paintings of the Pandya king and queen and a dancer have received praise.

Features of Ellora painting

It is called Verulleni or Verul Caves in Marathi which is just 9 kms away from Ajanta Caves.
It is believed that painting work has been done in these caves from 300 AD to 1000 AD.
It is associated with all the three ancient religions of India (Hindu, Jain and Buddhist).
In the caves here, images of Kailash, Lankeshwar, Indra-sabha and Ganesha are found on the walls.
The Ellora paintings are different from the classical standard of Ajanta, that is, they clearly show signs of a decline in art.
The most important characteristic features of Ellora's paintings are the unusual turn of the head, angular bends of the arms, concave curves of the secret organs, sharply projected noses and large eyes.
The painting of Ellora also gives an indication of medieval features.
Ellora Cave-Temple No. The view of flying figures and clouds in 32 is very beautiful.

South Indian Mural Painting

The most important frescoes in South India are of dancing figures on the walls of the Rajarajeshwara Temple in Tanjore (Tamil Nadu) and of a young girl dancing on the walls of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur.
The last series of frescoes in India are found in the Lepakshi temple near Hindpur in Anantapur (Andhra Pradesh), which dates back to the 16th century.
Here Shaiva and secular subjects are depicted in Chitravalli.

mural painting techniques

This is discussed in a Sanskrit text 'Vishnudharmottaram' from the fifth-sixth century.
According to Vishnudharmottaram, the surface was coated with a very thin layer of lime plaster and paintings were made on top with water colours.
'Kuchi' was prepared from the hair of animals like goat, camel, mongoose etc.
After the artist had made his first plan with red paint, semi-transparent monochromatic clay was applied so that the outline of the picture could be seen through that glass.
In this mainly Garrick Red, Vibrant Red (Sindoori), Garrick Yellow, Jambuki Blue, Lajvard, Kajal, Chalk, Ekavarna and Green were used.

Pala period painting

This style of painting was patronized by the Pala rulers of Bengal, who were patrons of Buddhism.
The rule of the Palas lasted from 750 AD to 1175 AD, in which the Buddhist monasteries of Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramshila and Somapur became great centers of Buddhist learning and art.
The specialty of Pala painting is its chalky lines and light shades of color.
It is a naturalistic style, which resembles the ideal forms of contemporary bronze stone sculpture.
Pala painting reflects some of the expressions of the classical art of Ajanta.
The paintings of this style were made on palm leaves, with pictures related to the life of Mahatma Buddha decorated in the center and written in large and beautiful letters on both sides.
The influence of Tantrayana, a branch of Buddhism, is also visible in these paintings.

west indian style

The West Indian style of painting was prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Malwa region.
Jainism was the driving force of artistic activities in western India.
It was patronized by the kings of the Chalukya dynasty who ruled parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Malwa from AD 961 to the end of the 13th century.
In this style the figures are flat with the angularity of the nose-map and the eyes are pointed out towards the sky.
The paintings of this style are made on palm-sheets, cloth and paper.
The Kalakacharya story of the Jain text 'Kalpasutra' was repeatedly written and illustrated through paintings.

Mughal Painting

The Mughal style of painting started in 1560 AD during the reign of Emperor Akbar.
The Mughal style evolved out of a proper synthesis of the indigenous Indian style of painting and the Safavid style of Persian painting.
A characteristic feature of the Mughal style is soft naturalism based on close observation of nature and fine and delicate drawings.

Akbar period painting

The colors used in this style are bright.
In this, only one side of the face was painted in which the eyes were made like a fish.
The pictures are not allegorical but of individuals or shabihs and are event-oriented.
The main paintings of Akbar period are- Hamzanama, Anwar-Suhawali, Gulistan-e-Diwan, Diwan of Amir Shahi, Razmanama (Persian translation of Mahabharata), Darabnam, Akbarnama etc.
Famous painters of Akbar's period are- Daswant, Miskin, Nanha, Basavan, Manohar, Daulat, Mansoor, Kesu, Bhim Gujrati, Dharmadas, Madhu, Surdas, Lal, Shankar, Govardhan and Inayat.

The famous Iranian painter was Behzad, a contemporary of Babur.

There were two famous Iranian painters in Humayun's court - Abdusamad and Mir Syed Ali.

Jahangir's painting

Under Jahangir, Mughal painting acquired more and more charm, sophistication and dignity.
In painting, instead of stereotypes, there are visions of reality; This was probably due to the growing European influence.
In this period, nature has been depicted more vividly and finely. Animals, birds, pools, flora have been beautifully depicted.
The tradition of making miniatures of a smaller size started.
Typical examples of this era are 'Ayar-e-Danish' (a book of tales of animals), 'Gulistan' (some miniature paintings), 'Hafiz ka Diwan' and 'Anwar-e-Suhawali' etc.
The miniature of Jahangir holding the Virgin Mary in his hand is prominent.
The famous painters of Jahangir's court are Akariza, Abul Hasan, Mansoor, Bishan Das, Manohar, Govardhan, Balchand, Daulat, Mukhlis, Bhima and Inayat.

Shah Jahan's Painting

Under Shah Jahan, Mughal painting maintained its good standing and it also matured.
The themes of paintings of this period included young beauties, palaces, luxurious living and Christianity.
In this period, black pen drawings were made, which were prepared on paper with a mixture of alum and glue.
His specialty was the depiction of nuances, such as showing every single hair of the beard, applying the colors with a slight fusion.
Well-known artists of Shah Jahan's period are Vichitra, Chaitraman, Anup Chattar, Mohammad Nadir of Samarkand, Inayat and Makar.
Aurangzeb was a very pious man, so Mughal painting declined during this period and lost its earlier quality. Most of the court painters moved to the provincial courts.

Painting in the Deccani regions

The earliest centers of painting in the Deccan were at Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda.
Initially, painting developed here independently of the Mughal style, but later in the 17th-18th century, it was more and more influenced by the Mughal style.

Ahmednagar

The name of 'Tareep-e-Husainshahi' is taken in the early example of Ahmednagar painting which is a beautiful example of Indo-Islamic painting.
Other examples are the 'Hindola Raga', the model of Nizam Shah II (1591–96) and the painting of Malik Ambar of 1605 AD which is in the National Museum, Delhi.

bijapur

Ali Adil Shah (1558–80 AD) and Ibrahim II (1580–1627) patronized painting in Bijapur.
The encyclopedia named 'Nazum-al-Uloom' (Stars of Science) was illustrated during the reign of Ali Adil Shah I.
Ibrahim II was a musician and also wrote a book called 'Navrasnama' on this subject, some of his replicas are present in many museums.

golkonda

A group of five fascinating paintings painted during the time of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1611) is typical of the miniatures of Golconda.
Other outstanding examples of Golconda painting are 'The Woman with the Myna Bird' (1605), the illustrated 'manuscript' of the Sufi poet and two reproductions (of M. Ali).

Thanjavur

At the end of the 18th century, the characteristics of painting such as strong drawing, advancement in the techniques of shading and use of bright colors led to progress in Thanjavur painting.
The pictorial wood panel depicting the coronation of Rama is an example of the decorative and figurative style of Thanjavur painting.
The conical crown seen here in the miniature is a symbolic feature of the Tanjore painting.

Central India and Rajasthani Painting

Unlike the secular Mughal painting, the paintings of Central India, Rajasthani and Pahari region etc. remained religious, tradition bound and inspired by Indian literature.
Here the tradition of Chaurapanchasika style has already been there, which served as a strong foundation in the development of painting here.
The paintings in Rajasthani painting are made on 'Vasali' (double paper).
Various painters from the Mughal court influenced the local styles, due to which painting centers like Mewar, Kishangarh, Kota-Bundi, Amer, Bikaner etc. emerged here.
In the subject of Rajasthani style paintings, the most priority is of love related subjects.
The great influence of Bhakti (Krishna Bhakti) in Rajasthani style is visible on the paintings.
In this style, the painters have also beautifully depicted the ragamala keeping in mind the ragas and raginis of Indian music.
The Rajasthani style sprouted in the areas of western Rajasthan and from there it spread to the rest of Rajasthan.

Malwa

Its origin is believed to be from Mandu.
Dark colors have been used in this style and the use of blue color has increased.
Here the lehenga has a thin sari marking, just like a dhoni.
The main examples of Malwa style are the series of Rasik Priya (1634), 'Amrushtak' (1652) and series of Ragamala (1680) painted by Madhodas etc.

Mewar

The main centers of this style are Udaipur, Nathdwara and Chavand etc.
The painters of this style have used bright red, yellow and saffron colors in abundance.
Female figures are relatively dwarf. There is a tendency for ornamentation in them.
Prominent examples of Mewar painting are the series of Ragamalas painted by Misardi (1605), the series of Ragamalas painted by Sahildin (1628), the illustrated example of Aranya Kanda (1651), the depiction of the seventh book of Ramayana (Uttar Kanda), etc.

bundi-kota style

The influence of Mewar and Mughal style is seen in this style.
Here the folk life of Bundi is depicted in the 'Barhamasa' paintings.
The golden sun behind the trees, the rainy sky, the dense vegetation and the series of Bhairav Ragini and Rasikpriya are among the important paintings of Bundi style.
There is a beautiful depiction of tiger and bear hunting and mountain forest in Kota style.

Kishangarh style

Kishangarh style developed under the patronage of Raja Sawant Singh (1748–57 AD). He was also called as Nagridas.
Raja Sawant Singh's girlfriend 'Bani-Thani' and painter Nihalchand were associated with this style.
Except a few paintings in this style, all the pictures are made of Radha-Krishna.
Female figures have long faces, sloping foreheads, sharp noses, protruding lips, brow-length eyes, long necks, slender arms, and curls of hair dangling near the ears.
'Bani-Thani' has been called the Indian Monalisa.

Bikaner

In 1650 AD, Raja Karan Singh of Bikaner employed the Mughal artist Ali Raza (master of Delhi).
Other artists in the court of Bikaner were Ruknuddin and his son Shahdeen.
The Bikaner style was very similar to the Mughal and Deccani styles.
A prime example of Marwar-painting is a series of Ragamalas painted in Pali by Virji.

hill style

The painting developed in the Himalayan valley, in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Jammu is called Pahari painting.
Basholi, Kangra-Garhwal and different branches of Sikh painting developed in this art-style.

Basholi style

The center of this painting is in Basholi tehsil of Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir.
Its influence has been seen on the arts of Chamba, Kullu, Mandi, Arki, Nurpu and Mankot princely states.
The themes of this genre have been the Bhagavata Purana, Gita-govinda, Rasmanjari and Vaishnavism.
The faces in the paintings are very original and inspired by local folk art.
Under the Basholi style, under the patronage of Raja Kirpal Singh, a painter named 'Devidas' executed miniature paintings in the form of Rasmanjari paintings in 1694.
A series of Gita-Govinds painted by artist Manku shows the further development of the Basholi genre.

Guler style

The Jammu-group of paintings emerged after the Basholi style.
It contains replicas of Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota by Nainsukh, an artist originally from Guler and settled in Jasrota.
The characters used in it are soft and cool.
It seems to be influenced by the natural style of Mughal painting of the time of Mohammad Shah.

kangra painting

The development of the Kangra style took place in the fourth quarter of the 18th century.
Therein lies the softness of the Guler style of drawing and the quality of naturalism.
Due to the similarity of the style of the replica of Kangra king Sansarchand, it was called Kangra style.
In this style, amazing liveliness came to the women's paintings.
It was prevalent in places like Kangra, Guler, Basholi, Chamba, Jammu, Nurpur, Garhwal etc.
Some Pahari painters of Kangra style got patronage from Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Punjab.
The credit of the Kangra style of paintings mainly goes to the Nainsukh family.

Kullu Mandi

It is a folk-style of painting in the Kullu-Mandi region.
This style is characterized by strong and impressive drawings and the use of dark and light colors.
In this, the series of Bhagwat, Krishna lifting Govardhan on his finger, clear drawings of rain etc., have been drawn by Shri Bhagwan in 1794.
The miniature painting of two girls flying kites is also distinctive in the Kullu-Mandi style.

miniature painting techniques

In the medieval period, the nature of paintings was miniature paintings, which were made with traditional techniques.
First the blueprint was made independently of red or black, then it was repeatedly brightened with white paint so that the outline was clearly visible.
Then the second outline was drawn with the help of the new brush and the first one was made very clear and visible.
The colors used in the paintings were taken from minerals and ochre.
Peori was a yellow dye extracted from the urine of cows.
Acacia gum and neem gum were used as binding medium (pasting).
Cattle were made from animal hair, of which squirrel hair was the best.
Palm leaves, paper, wood and cloth were used as painting materials.
The traditional styles of Indian painting finally died out in the latter half of the nineteenth century due to the influence of Western colors and techniques of painting.

painting in modern times

The Rajasthani, Mughal and Pahari style of painting, which was already weakened after the British lost the keys to the power of India, reached its mouth.
Nevertheless, in different regions of the country, local styles such as Patachitra of Kalighat (Calcutta) and Odisha, Patachitra of Nathdwara (Rajasthan), painting of Tanjore (Tamil Nadu) and Kalamkari of Andhra Pradesh etc. developed.
The company style of Patna, Madhubani painting and Kalamkari style of Andhra Pradesh earned the most fame among them.

Patna company style

The painting made in Patna by a combination of Mughal art and European art was called Patna or Company style.
In these paintings an attempt has been made to bring reality through shadows.
There is a realistic depiction of nature, as well as the use of ornamentation.
In this the British watercolor method has been adopted. This style was greatly encouraged by the British.

Madhubani Paintings

It is a style prevalent in the Mithilanchal region of Bihar, Madhubani, Darbhanga and some areas of Nepal.
The credit for bringing this to light goes to W. G. Archer who observed this style during an earthquake inspection in Bihar in 1934.
The themes in this style are mainly religious and often use bright colors.
The eyes of the face figures are made very large and pool-leaves, symbols etc. are made to fill the gaps in the picture.
Famous women painters of Madhubani paintings are Sita Devi, Godavari Dutt, Bharti Dayal, Bula Devi etc.

Kalamkari painting

This handmade painting, popular in Andhra Pradesh of South India, is made by printing colored blocks on cotton cloth. In this religious pictures are made with the colors of vegetables.
Kalamkari pictures tell the story. Most of the makers of these are women. This art is mainly practiced in India and Iran.
In India, mainly two forms of Kalamkari have developed - first Machilipatnam Kalamkari and secondly Srikala Hasti Kalamkari (Andhra Pradesh).
In this, first the cloth is kept immersed in the solution of cow dung overnight. The next day it is dried in the sun and dipped in a solution of milk and starch. It is then thoroughly dried and crushed with a wooden stick to make it soft. Various types of natural plants, leaves, bark of trees, stems etc. are used for painting on it.

Indian dance art

Controlled yati-motion performed with limbs and emotions is called dance.
From prehistoric cave-paintings to modern art nerds, all have attempted to tie the display of motion and emotion into their arts.
The Natyashastra by Bharata Muni (2nd century BCE) is available as an ancient treatise on classical dance, the source-book of the arts of drama, dance and music.
Indian choreography is divided into two classes - (i) classical dance (ii) folk and tribal dance.

Indian classical dance

While classical dance is scriptural and disciplined, folk and tribal dances are performed by local and tribal groups of different states and they do not have any prescribed rules, grammar or discipline.
There are 8 major styles of Indian classical dance – Kathak, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Manipuri, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Sattriya and Mohiniyattam.
Two types of expressions are reflected in classical dances, Tandava (Shiva) and Lasya (Parvati).

classical dance	Emotion
Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu)	Lasya Bhava
Kathakali (Kerala)	orgy
Manipuri (Manipur)	Lasya orgy
Odissi (Odisha)	Lasya Bhava
Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh)	Lasya Bhava
Mohiniyattam (Kerala)	Lasya Bhava
Satriya (Assam)	Lasya Bhava
Kathak (Uttar Pradesh, Jaipur)	orgy lasya

Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu)

Born from the Natyashastra of Bharatmuni, this dance form developed in Tamil Nadu.
This dance, introduced by devadasis in temples, gained considerable respect in the 20th century through the efforts of Rukmini Devi Arundel and E. Krishna Iyer.
'Abhinay Darpan' by Nandikeshwar is a major source for technical study of Bharatnatyam.
The musical instrument troupe of Bharatanatyam dance consists of a singer, a flute player, a mridangam player, a veena player and a kartal player.
A person who recites poetry of Bharatanatyam dance is called 'Nadnanvanar'.
In Bharatnatyam, the physical activities are divided into three parts – Sambhanga, Abhanga and Tribhanga.
The dance sequence in this is as follows – Aalaripu (bud-blossom), Jatiswaram (vocal association), Shabdam (word and speech), Varnam (combination of pure dance and acting), Padam (veneration and simple dance) and Tillana (final excerpt). with a strange gesture).
Bharatanatyam is a solo female dance.
The prominent artists of this dance include Padma Subrahmanyam, Alarmail Valli, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Anita Ratnam, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Mallika Sarabhai, Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, Sonal Mansingh, Vyjayanthimala, Swapna Sundari, Rohinton Cama, Leela Samson, Bala Saraswati etc.

Kathakali (Kerala)

Kathakali is a combination of acting, dance and music.
It is a pantomime in which the actor performs with the help of hand gestures and facial expressions.
The themes of this dance are taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Hindu mythology and a variety of masks are worn to represent the gods or demons.
All the early dances and dramas of Kerala such as Chakairakothu, Kodiyattam, Mudiyattu, Thiyattam, Theyyam, Sastrakali, Krishnaattam and Ramaattam etc. owe their origin to Kathakali.
It is mainly performed by male dancers, such as - Makunda Raj, Koppan Nair, Shantha Rao, Gopinathan Krishnan, V.N. Menon etc.

Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh)

There is a village called Kuchipudi in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh where the seer, Telugu Vaishnava poet Siddhendra Yogi conceived the Kuchipudi style in the form of Yakshagana.
Bhamakalpam and Golakalpam are dance dramas associated with it.
In Kuchipudi both male and female dancers participate and perform Krishna-lila.
Dancing on a brass plate with a pot of water on your head is very popular in Kuchipudi.
The main dancers of this dance form include Bhavana Reddy, Yamini Reddy, Kaushalya Reddy, Raja and Radha Reddy etc.

Mohiniyattam (Kerala)

It is a dance performed by a single woman, which incorporates elements from both Bharatanatyam and Kathakali.
According to religious beliefs, Lord Vishnu took the form of Mohini to protect Shiva from Bhasmasura and performed this dance.
Mohiniyattam is performed in the form of Cholaketu, Varnam, Padma, Tillana, Kumi and Swara.
The role of three people is considered important in the revival of Mohiniyattam dance – Swathi Thirunal, Rama Varma, Vallathol Narayana Memon (founder of Kerala Mandalam Sanstha) and Kalamandalam Kalyankutty Amma (The Mother of Mohiniyattam).

Kathak (Uttar Pradesh , Jaipur)

The word Kathak is derived from the word Katha which literally means to tell a story.
In fact, Kathak is associated with the Rasleela tradition of Brajbhoomi in Uttar Pradesh.
In this, the dramatic presentation of themes taken from mythology as well as Iranian and Urdu poetry is done.
It is also known as 'Natvari' dance.
Thakur Prasad was an excellent dancer during the time of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh, who taught dance to the Nawab and 3 sons of Thakur Prasad, Bindadin, Kalka Prasad and Bhairav Prasad popularized Kathak.
The special feature of Kathak dance is in its foot operation and pulley. The knees are not bent in this.
This is expressed through Dhrupad and Thumri singing.
Among the classical dances of India, only Kathak has been associated with Muslim culture.

Manipuri Dance (Manipur)

This dance form developed with the Vaishnava sect in the 18th century.
In this the body moves slowly and signals and body movements are used.
It has more emphasis on devotion and includes both Tandava and Lasya.
The soul of this dance is the drum. There is limited use of postures and the dancers do not tie ghungroos.
Rabindranath Tagore played an important role in its development. He was very impressed by it and started giving training in it at Shantiniketan.

Odissi Dance (Odisha)

In the 2nd century BC, there used to be a Maharis sect which used to dance in Shiva temples. Over a period of time, Odissi dance form developed from this.
Vaishnavism also had a massive impact on it in the 12th century.
It is considered one of the oldest surviving classical dances.
It is also mentioned on inscriptions. It is mentioned in the inscriptions of the Brahmeshwar temple and the Sun temple at Konark.
It focuses on Tribhanga. In Tribhanga, one leg is folded and the body is curved slightly, but in the opposite direction at the cut and neck.
Its postures and expressions are similar to Bharatnatyam.

Sattriya Dance (Assam)

It is a combination of music, dance and acting.
The credit for the development of this dance form goes to Sant Sankardev.
It was developed by Sankardeva for the performance of "Ankiya Naat".
It includes mythology.
It used compositions composed by Sankardeva, which are called Borgeet.

Indian Folk Dance

In common language, such a dance which is dear to the people or in the community, it is called folk dance .

No.	State	famous folk dance
1	Madhya Pradesh	pandwani, gangaur dance
2	Assam	bihu
3	Uttar Pradesh	gimmick
4	Gujarat	Garba
5	Karnataka	Yakshagana
6	Punjab	Bhangra, Gidda
7	Rajasthan	Kalbelia, Ghumar, Terhtali, Bhawai dance
8	Maharashtra	Tamasha, Lavani
9	Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal)	Kajri, Chauliya
10	Jammu and Kashmir	Jump Dandinach, Ruuf
11	Himachal Pradesh	splatter, plate, plate
12	Bihar	Chhau, Foreigner, Jat- Jatin
13	Kerala	Kathakali, Mohiniyattam
14	Nagaland	Lim, Chong
15	West Bengal	Jatra, Dhali, Chhau
16	Goa	slump, cover
17	Andhra Pradesh	Kuchipudi
18	Jharkhand	Foreigner, Chhau
19	Orissa	Odyssey, Dhumra
20	Chhattisgarh	panthi dance

Folk Dances of Madhya Pradesh –

Pandwani - Pandwani dance is performed in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . It is a solo folk dance . In this, singing and dancing are performed by the same person . It mainly depicts events based on Pandavas .

Gangaur Dance- Gangaur is the most popular dance of the region in Nimar of Madhya Pradesh . Gangaur dance is performed during Navratri of Chaitra month . This festival is for the worship of Maa Gauri and Shiva . In this, the chariot is kept on the head and dance is performed .

Folk Dances of Assam

Bihu - Bihu is a folk dance of the state of Assam, India . Bihu dance is performed by the Kachari tribe of Assam . Bihu dance is performed only during the harvesting of the crop . This dance is celebrated thrice a year . The costumes of Bihu dance are very simple, while doing it, traditional clothes like dhoti, gamchha etc. are worn .

Folk Dances of Uttar Pradesh –

Gimmick dance - drama dance is presented by the verses, Doha, green Geetika, Qawwali, Ghazal etc. . This includes singing, acting, many genres of dance and more . This is a very interesting dance . Nautanki folk dance performed in Uttar Pradesh of India is famous since ancient times . Gimmick involved a lot of juice as comedy, Heroic etc . The story presented in Nautanki can also be based on someone's life . Its duration is very short, which includes singing, dancing . Many instrumental dances are also used in Nautanki .

Folk Dances of Gujarat-

Garba - Garba is a folk dance of Gujarat, but it is performed in many parts of India, it is performed on the occasion of Navratri . Maa Durga is worshiped through Garba dance . Garba dance is performed all over India during Navratri .

Folk Dances of Karnataka-

Yakshagana - Yakshagana is a traditional dance drama . Which is done in Karnataka state . This dance is performed especially in the paddy fields, during the night. In which aspects related to the war are shown .

Folk Dances of Punjab-

Bhangra - This folk dance is mainly performed by men, in Punjab it is done on festivals and festivals .

Gidda - Another folk dance is famous in Punjab itself, whose name is Gidda . This dance is performed by women wearing traditional Punjabi clothes .

Folk Dance of Rajasthan –

Kalbelia Dance – This is a region full of art and culture . Here there is a tribe named Kalbelia, the dance performed by whom is called Kalbelia dance .

Ghumar - Ghoomar dance is a prominently performed dance in every festival, festival, ceremony in Rajasthan . It is done by women only . The long ghagra worn by women is a special attraction of this dance .

Terhtali dance – This dance is performed by women and hymns are sung by men . In this dance, women tie manjiros on their bodies and play them with the rhythm of the song .

Bhavai Dance – Bhavai dance performed in Udaipur region of Rajasthan is very popular . In this dance, the dance is performed by keeping the mats on the head . The number of these mats can also be from 8 to 10 . The specialty of this dance is that while dancing, the dancer dances by standing on the cutting of a glass or plate or on a sword .

Folk Dances of Maharashtra

Tamasha – This is a drama dance performed in Maharashtra . In most of the folk dramas, only men play the main role, but in the tamasha, only women play the main role . This is a very successful folk dance . In this, instruments like harmonium, ghungroo, manjira, etc. are used . Tamasha is usually performed by the Kolhati community .

Lavani – Lavani is the most popular dance form of Maharashtra . The popularity of Lavani dance can be gauged from the fact that Lavani dance is also used in films . This dance is performed in a special traditional dress, in which the dancer wears a 9 meter sari . In Lavani dance, there is a combination of both spirituality and makeup .

Folk Dances of Jammu and Kashmir

Rauf dance – This dance is popular in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, especially in the celebration of the harvesting of crops . This dance is mainly performed by women .

Folk Dance of Chhattisgarh –

Panthi Dance – Panthi dance is named after the cult of the great saint Guru Ghasidas of Chhattisgarh . This folk dance mainly based on Nirguna Bhakti is performed by the Satnami community of Chhattisgarh . In this dance, the dancers wear white dhoti to the sound of cymbals and mridang . Amazing feats are also shown during this dance . This dance is based on spiritual feelings .

Dances of Andhra Pradesh

Kuchipudi - The dance of the same name village Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh had the same name . This dance is famous all over South India . Kuchipudi dance is performed in a traditional way . The puja is performed on the stage before the dance . In this dance, instruments like Mridang, Violin etc. are used along with Carnatic music . Special jewelery and clothes are worn in it .

Folk Dances of Kerala-

Mohiniyattam – This dance is based on classical tradition . It is a mesmerizing dance as per its name . The gestures of the eyes, hands and face are very important in this dance . In this, the dancer wears a special white colored golden zari sari from Kerala . This dance is basically based on Hindu mythology .

Kathakali - In Kathakali, a dance drama i.e. the description of a story is presented . There are different mythology, such as the conversion of the characters of the Mahabharata or Ramayana, etc. are used . The costumes of this dance are very beautiful and attractive. In this special clothes and ornaments like crown on the head etc. are used . Hand gestures and facial expressions have special importance in this dance .

Uttarakhand folk dance of -

Chauliya Dance – The most famous folk dance performed in Uttarakhand is Chauliya . It is believed that the history of Chhauliya folk dance of Uttarakhand goes back many decades . This dance is practiced in Uttarakhand from the time when marriages used to take place at the tip of the sword . Chauliya dance is performed on the occasion of marriage . When the procession leaves, some men in the procession wearing traditional costumes perform this dance and likewise go to the bride's house .

Folk Dances of Bihar

Visriya - The foreign dance performed in Bihar is Bhojpuri speaking dance . Foreign dance is more famous in rural areas of Bihar . This dance is full of entertainment . Along with this, the message of ending the evils related to the society is also given in it .

Folk Dances of West Bengal –

Chhau Dance – Chhau dance song of West Bengal is full of music . This is a very powerful dance form . Chhau dance is performed in West Bengal as well as in Orissa and Bihar . In these regions it is dance made many become aware of, such as sun worship etc . In this dance the events of Ramayana and Mahabharata etc. are narrated . Masks are the special attraction of this dance .

Jatra - Jatra is a folk dance with theatrical performance . Which as well as songs with the acting, the music, debates etc . The history of Jatra in West Bengal is very old .

Folk Dances of Himachal Pradesh –

Thali – Folk dance has special importance in Himachal . Here are various folk dance at festivals, weddings, etc. on several occasions . In Thali dance, the dancers and singers sit in a circle, in which the dancers perform one by one . In this dance the dancer moves his body in a special way . To make the thali dance more attractive, the dancers also dance with a lotus filled with water on their heads .

Folk Dances of Orissa-

Odissi - It is believed that Odissi dance originated with the dance of Devadasis dancing in temples . Odissi dance mainly tells stories of incarnations of Lord Krishna and Vishnu and also describes Lord Jagannath . Many archaeological evidences of Odissi dance are also found . This is a very ancient art . Hand gestures play a very important role in Odissi dance .

Indian music

introduction

Bharata's Natyashastra is an important landmark in the history of Indian music . The Natyashastra is a comprehensive composition or treatise which is mainly about Natya Kala but some of its chapters are about music. In this we get information about gamut, melody, forms and instruments. There are seven basic notes in a gamut. “ Sa Re Ga Me Padha Ni”

classical music

We recognize two systems of classical music: Hindustani and Carnatic . Carnatic music is limited to Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The name of the rest of the country's classical music is Hindustani classical music . There are no doubt some areas in Karnataka and Andhra where the Hindustani classical system is also practiced. It is generally believed that the music of India before the thirteenth century is a common one, which later split into two systems.

Hindustani classical music

Some of the major styles currently in use

There are ten main styles of singing in Hindustani music like 'Dhrupada', 'Dhamar', 'Hori', 'Khyal', 'Tappa', 'Chaturanga', 'Rassagar', 'Tarana', 'Sargam' and 'Thumri' .

Dhupad

It is one of the oldest and grandest forms of Hindustani music. The name is derived from the words 'Dhruv' and 'Pad' which denote both the verse form of the poem and the style of singing it.
Evidence of proficient singers singing dhrupad from Tansen and Baijubawra to the court of Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gwalior during Akbar 's reign . It became the dominant form of singing in the medieval period, but in the 18th century it reached a state of decline.
Dhrupad is a poetic form , in which the raga is presented in a precise and detailed style. Sanskrit letters are used in Dhrupad and it has its origins from temples.
Dhrupad compositions usually have 4 to 5 stanzas, which are sung in pairs. Usually two male singers perform the Dhrupad style. Tanpura and Pakhawaj usually accompany them. On the basis of speech or bani, Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four forms.

Dagri Gharana
Darbhanga Gharana
Bettiah Gharana
Talwandi Gharana

household system

Gharana is a system of social organization connecting musicians or dancers/dancers by lineage or apprenticeship and adherence to a particular musical style.
The word gharana is derived from the Urdu/Hindi word 'ghar' which means 'family' or 'home'. It usually refers to the place from which or the musical ideology originated. Gharanas reflect a broader musical classical ideology and vary from one genre to another.
It directly affects the understanding, teaching, performance and appreciation of music.
The following gharanas are famous for singing Hindustani classical music: Agra, Gwalior, Indore, Jaipur, Kirana, and Patiala.

care (care)

The word 'Khayal' (Khyal) is derived from the Persian language, which means 'idea or imagination'. The origin of this style is attributed to Amir Khusrau. This form of music is quite popular among artists. Khayal (Khyal) is based on a palette of short songs ranging from two to eight lines. The Khayal (Khyal) composition in general is also known as 'Bandish'.
In the 15th century, Sultan Mohammad Sharqi became the greatest patron of Khayal (Khyal). The most unique feature of Khayal (Khyal) is the use of Tan. This is the reason why Aalap is given less importance in Khayal music as compared to Dhrupad. Two types of songs are used in Khayal.

big khayal: slow sung
Chhota Khayal: One who sings in high tempo

Extraordinary khayal compositions are done in praise of Lord Krishna. The major gharanas under Khayal Sangeet are:

Gwalior Gharana: This is one of the oldest and largest Khayal Gharana . It follows very strict rules as there is equal emphasis on melody and rhythm. Although its singing is very complex, yet it gives preference to the performance of simple ragas. The most popular singers of this gharana are Nathu Khan and Vishnu Paluskar.
Kirana Gharana: This gharana is named after the 'Kirana' village of Rajasthan. It was founded by Nayak Gopal but the credit for popularizing it in the early 20th century goes to Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan.

The 'Kirana' gharana is famous for their proficiency on slow tempo ragas. These lay great emphasis on the melodiousness of the composition and the clarity of pronunciation of the text in the song. They give importance to the use of traditional ragas or sargams. Some of the famous singers of this genre include great artists like Pandit Bhimsen Joshi and Gangu Bai Hangal.

Agra Gharana: According to historians, this gharana was founded by Khuda Baksh in the 19th century, but musicologists believe that its founder was Haji Sujan Khan. Fayaz Khan did the work of reviving this gharana by giving it a fresh and lyrical touch. Since then it has been named as Rangeela Gharana. Currently, the leading singers of this genre are C.R. Great singers like Vyas and Vijay Kichlu come.
Patiala Gharana: This gharana was started by the elders Fateh Ali Khan and Ali Baksh Khan in the 19th century. It received the support of the Maharaja of Patiala in Punjab. Soon he gained a reputation for Ghazal, Thumri and Khayal. He emphasized the use of greater rhythms. Since there was an emphasis on emotion in his compositions, he was more inclined towards the use of ornamentation or ornamentation in his music. He used to emphasize on complex tones.

The most famous musician of this gharana was Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Sahab. He was one of the famous Hindustani classical singers of India. He was famous for singing the raga Darbari. This gharana is famous for the unique Taan, Gamak and Gaikki of Tarana style.

Bhendi Bazaar Gharana: It was founded by Chhajju Khan, Nazir Khan and Khadim Hussain in the 19th century. They gained popularity and fame for long periods as singers trained to control their breath. Using this technique, these artists can sing long intervals in a single breath. Apart from this, another prominent feature of this is that they also use some Carnatic ragas in their music.

thumri

It is based on mixed ragas and is generally considered to be semi-classical Indian music. Its compositions are more inspired by the Bhakti movement in that its texts generally depict the love of the gopis for Krishna. The language of its compositions is generally Hindi or Awadhi or Braj Bhasha.
These are usually sung by female singers. It is different from other forms as Thumri has inherent sensuality. The name thumri is also used for light forms like Dadra, Hori, Kajri, Sawan, Jhula and Chauti. There are mainly two types of thumris:

Eastern Thumri: It is sung in a slow tempo.
Punjabi Thumri : It is sung in a fast tempo and lively manner.

The main gharanas of thumri are located in Banaras and Lucknow and the most famous swara in thumri singing is that of Begum Akhtar who is famous for her hoarse voice and infinite taan in singing.

tappa style

Rhythm is very important in this style because the compositions are fast, subtle and complex. It originated in the folk songs of camel riders in north-west India, but was recognized as a semi-classical vocal feature when Emperor Muhammad Shah entered the Mughal court. In this, the idioms are used very fast and very curved.
Tappa is a favorite style of not only the aristocracy but also of the humble musical instrument classes. The sitting style developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the present time, this style is often becoming extinct and there are very few people who follow it. Some of the famous singers of this genre are Mian Sodi, Pandit Laxman Rao of Gwalior and Shanno Khurana.

tarana style

Rhythm is very important in this style. Its structure is made up of short and repeated ragas. In this, many words sung at a fast pace are used. It focuses on creating a rhythmic theme and therefore requires special training and skill in rhythmic manipulation for the singer. Presently the world's fastest Tarana singer is Pandit Ratan Mohan Sharma of Mewati Gharana. He has also been given the title of 'Badshah of Tarana' (King of Tarana) by the audience.

Dharam-hori style

Apart from Dhrupad Taal, this style has a lot of similarity to Dhrupad. It is a very organized style and consists of a cycle of 14 talas which are used randomly. Its compositions are generally devotional in nature and are related to Lord Krishna. Some of the more popular songs are related to the festival of Holi, which is why many of its compositions have a sringar rasa.

Ghazal

It is a poetic form, it can be seen as a poetic expression of the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love notwithstanding that pain. It is believed to have originated in Iran in the 10th century.
It spread to South Asia in the 12th century under the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic sultanate, but reached its zenith during the Mughal period. It is believed that Amir Khusrau was one of the first exponents of Ghazals. Many prominent historical Ghazal poets either called themselves Sufis (such as Rumi or Hafiz), or sympathized with Sufi ideas.
The sole theme of the Ghazal is love (especially the supreme love without any conditions). The Ghazals of the Indian sub-continent are influenced by Islamic mysticism.

Carnatic music

Carnatic music is a South Indian style of classical music. This music is mostly in the form of devotional music and most of the compositions under it are addressed to Hindu gods and goddesses. In Tamil language, Karnataka means ancient, traditional and pure. The main genres of Carnatic music are as follows-
Alankaram- The vowels of the vowels of the octave are called Alankarams. They are used for musical practice.
Lakshnagitam- It is a type of song in which classical description of raga is given. The characteristic songs of Purandaradas are sung in Karnataka.
Swarajaati - This is a part of early music education. In this, only swaras are divided into tala and raga. It does not contain songs or poems.
Alapanam- The pronunciation of vowels in shape is called alapanam. It expresses the nature of the work. It is not used with percussion instruments.
Artwork, Pallavi- Artwork gives the singer full opportunity to showcase his talent. There are two types of fast artwork and medium artwork. In Pallavi the singer has the freedom to choose the raga and taal.
Tillana- Useless words are used in Tillana. Rhythm is predominant in this. The meaningless words used in this are called 'chollukkettu'.
Padma, Jawali - These singing styles are similar to the genres of North Indian music - Thumri, Tappa, Geet etc. These genres come under easy music. They are sung in the middle rhythm. Padma is the main adornment and the jewel is ornamental and miracle-oriented.
Bhajanam- This singing style is full of devotional feeling. In this, verses of saint poets like Jayadeva and Tyagaraja are sung.
Ragamalika - Contains a poem containing the names of ragas. Wherever the name of the raga appears, the swaras of the same raga are used, which makes a garland of ragas.

Hindustani and Carnatic Music:

During the development of Indian music, two distinct sub-systems emerged as Hindustani and Carnatic music.
Both these words first emerged in Haripal 's Sangeeta Sudhakara , which was written in the 14th century.

Similarities:

In both the styles, there are total 12 swaras, pure and distorted. In both the styles, thaat or mel is derived from pure and distorted vowels.
Both accept the principle of progeny. Both have acknowledged the importance of melody in music.
Alap and Taan are used in the singing of both.

Oddities:

Carnatic music represents a homogeneous Indian tradition while Hindustani music represents a heterogeneous Indian tradition.
In Hindustani music there are various gharanas like Lucknow, Jaipur, Kirana, Agra etc. whereas in Carnatic music such gharanas are not found.

musical instruments-

equipment	source of sound	Examples
musical instrument	by the vibration of a string or strings	Guitar , Veena , Sitar , Rudraveena, Sarond , Mandolin , Gotuvadyam
musical instrument	blowing air into a hollow column	Flute , Shehnai , Nadaswaram
cube instrument	with a striker or hammer	Chipli, Rods , Clapper , Rhythm
lacquered or leather	injury to animal skin	Drums , Drums , Table

Variety of Traditional Theater

theater form	related place
stone pelter	Kashmir , Jammu and Kashmir
Farce	Rohtak , Haryana
gimmick	Lucknow and Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh
Rasleela	Uttar Pradesh
Bhavai	Gujarat
Raman	Uttarakhand
Jatra	Bengal
mach	Madhya Pradesh
Bhaona	Assam
spectacle	Maharashtra
dashavatar	Konkan and Goa regions
Krishnattam	Kerala
Mudiyettu	Kerala
Kutiyattam	Kerala
Terukoothu	Tamil Nadu
office	Himachal Pradesh
theyyam	Kerala

puppet

Puppet dance is considered a genre of folk drama. Puppetry is a very ancient theatrical game in which scenes from life are expressed and staged by dolls made of wood, thread, plastic or plaster of Paris.
In the fourth century BC, Panini's Ashtadhyayi mentions a hero named Putala in the Natsutra.
Information regarding the antiquity of effigy art is also found in the Tamil text 'Shilpadikaram' (2nd cent BC).
In the famous story 'Singhasan Battisi', there is a mention of thirty-two effigies of Vikramaditya's throne.
Pupil art has been successfully used to motivate physically and mentally handicapped children for their physical and mental development.
Puppetry art is a mixture of many arts, such as writing, theatrical art, painting, costume, sculpture, woodwork, clothing-making art, form-decoration, music, dance etc.
Earlier the stories of Amar Singh Rathod, Prithviraj, Heer-Ranjha, Laila-Majnu, Shiri-Farhad were shown in the puppet game, but now along with social topics, comedy-satire and other entertaining programs related to knowledge are also shown. .
The joy that comes in the formation of pupils and the communication of ideas through them, helps in the all-round development of the personality of the children.
All types of pupils are found in India, such as thread pupil, shadow pupil, rod pupil, glove pupil etc.

Mannequin Art Styles of India

thread pupil

In this, many jointed organs are operated by threads, due to which these pupils are very flexible.
Thread puppetry flourished in Rajasthan, Odisha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Puppetry from Rajasthan, Kundei of Odisha, Gombeyetta of Karnataka and Bommalatta of Tamil Nadu are prominent examples of thread puppetry.

shadow pupil

Shadow pupils are flat and made of leather.
In this, the curtain is illuminated from behind and the pupil is operated between the light source and the screen. These images can also be colored.
This tradition of shadow puppets is prevalent in Odisha, Kerala, Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
The famous examples of shadow puppets are Togalu Gombayatta (Karnataka), Tolu Bommalatta (Andhra Pradesh), Ravana Chhaya (Odisha).

rod pupil

The rod pupil is the next step to the glove pupil, but it is much larger than that and is based on and driven by the rods at the bottom.
This form of puppetry is found in present day West Bengal and Odisha.
Puttal dance of Bengal, Yampuri of Bihar etc. are examples of rod puppets.
The rod pupils of Odisha are very small.
Like the 'Banaraku' of Japan, there used to be life-sized puppets in the Nadia district of West Bengal, but this form is now extinct.

glove pupil

It is also called arm, kara or palm pupil.
For its operation, the first finger is placed on the head and the middle and thumb in both the arms of the pupil; In this way, with the help of thumb and two fingers, the glove pupil becomes alive.
In India, the tradition of glove puppets is popular in Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal and Kerala.

Pavakoothu (Kerala)

Traditional puppet plays in Kerala are called Pavakuthu.
It originated in the 18th century due to the influence of the famous classical dance drama Kathakali on the puppet-plays there.
These puppet plays from Kerala are based on stories from Ramayana and Mahabharata.

famous martial arts in india

India is a country of diverse culture and castes and hence India is famous for its martial arts developed since ancient times. We are discussing the famous and popular martial arts below:

1. Kalaripayattu ( Oldest Martial Art in India )

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated in: 4th century AD in the kingdom of Kerala

Kalaripayattu to the technology aspect: Ujhichi of receiving Gingli massage with oil, Otta, Mapyttu or body exercises, Puliankm or sword fighting, Verumkai or bare hand combat, and more.

• Kalari is a Malayalam word. It means the school/gymnasium/training hall where the practice of martial arts is taught.

• Kalaripayattu is a legend, introduced as a martial art by Baba Parashurama who built the temples.

• This art has been used by unarmed people as a means of self-defense and is used today to gain physical fitness. Also used in traditional rituals and ceremonies.

• It also includes gimmicky duplicity (armed and unarmed combat) and physical exercise. Its important aspect is the fighting style and it is not accompanied by any drum or song.

• The key to this is the use of key moves, which also include kick, attack and weapon-based drills.

• Its popularity also increases with the movies Ashoka and Myths.

• Women have also practiced in this art. Unniarcha a great heroine has won many battles using this martial art.

2. Silambam (Staff is a type of staff fencing)

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated from: Tamil Nadu, it is a modern and scientific martial art.

Silmbm technology: rapid movements, loud, cut, cut, sweep the leg using mastery are Asil to, achieving growth of mending the force, speed and the different levels of the body, snake hit, monkey hit, Hawk hit etc. for.

• Silambam art has been promoted in Tamil Nadu by many rulers like Pandya, Chola and Chera etc. A reference to the sale of Silambam sticks, pearls, swords and armor can be found in a Tamil literature 'Silappadigaram'

• The art reached Malaysia where it is used as a self-defense technique as well as a popular sport.

• It has long been used by employees for ostentatious fighting and the technique is used for self-defense. Indeed, (in Tamil mythology) Lord Murugan and sage Agastya are credited with the creation of Silambam. Even during the Vedic age young men were trained in this art as a ritual and also for an emergency.

3. Thang-Ta and Sarit Sark

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated: This art was created by the Meitei people of Manipur.

• Thang refers to a 'sword'. Ta refers to a 'spear'. Thang Ta is an armed martial art and Sarit Sarak is an unarmed art form in which combat is performed using hand-to-hand combat.

• This art was used by Manipuri kings against the British in the 17th century, but this technique was later banned when the British occupied the region

• Thang-ta also called Huenlong is a popular ancient martial art that uses weapons including an ax and a shield.

• The third is practiced in different ways: First, ritualistic in nature associated with Tantric practices, pluck the heck the other thing, dances with sword and third and the Astvik battle techniques.

4. little

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated: Himachal Pradesh

Technique: Wooden bow and arrow are used .

• The diminutive name is derived from the round piece of wood that was attached to an arrowhead's head to reduce its lethal potential .

• It is a mixture of martial arts, sports and culture.

• It takes place every year during Baisakhi.

• The performance of this martial art depends on the archery skills of a player and can be traced back to the times of Mahabharata where bow and arrows were used in the valleys of Kullu and Manali.

• There are 2 groups of 500 people each in the game. All of them are not only archers but also dancers who have come with them to boost the morale of their respective teams.

• The two teams are said to be Pashis and Sathis, who are believed to be the descendants of the Mahabharata of the Pandavas and Kauravas.

5. Gatka

Description: Jagranjosh

Origin: Punjab

• Gatka is a weapon based martial art performed by the Sikhs of Punjab.

• Gatka means freedom belongs to grace. Others say that 'gatka' comes from a Sanskrit word 'gadha' which means mace.

• Weapons like kirpan, sword and row etc. are used in this art . handjob

• It is displayed in various occasions such as at state functions including fairs.

6. Sticks

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated: Mainly practiced in Punjab and Bengal.

• The stick is one of the oldest weapons used in martial arts.

• Sticks A 'stick' primarily refers to cane sticks, which are usually 6 to 8 feet in length and sometimes metal.

• This is also a common game in different villages of the country.

7. Imbun Wrestling

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated: It is believed to have originated in the village of Duntland, Mizoram in 1750 AD .

• There are very strict rules in this art such as not taking the feet out of the circle , kicking and bending the knees.

• It also includes grabbing the belt the wrestlers wear around their waist.

• When the Lushai people migrated from the hills to Burma, the art was treated as a sport.

8. Kootu Varisai

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated: Mainly practiced in South India and also popular in Sri Lanka and the north-eastern part of Malaysia.

Techniques: Techniques like grappling, strikinand locking etc. are used in this art.

• This art was first used in the 1st or 2nd century BC. mentioned in the Sangam literature.

• Kutu Varisai means 'empty-handed combat'.

• It is used to advance athletics and footwork through yoga, gymnastics, breathing exercises, etc.

• It is an unarmed Dravidian martial art that uses animal based sets including snakes, hawks, tigers, elephants and monkeys.

9. Fighting

Description: Jagranjosh

Origin: Varanasi

Techniques: Kicks, punches, knee and elbow strikes are the techniques used by this martial art.

about this:

• It is an unarmed martial art form.

• It is a popular art form since 1960.

• It covers the development of all three aspects, physical, mental and spiritual.

• This art is named after the Hindu god in its forms and is divided into four categories. In the first Jambavanti refers to forcing the opponent into submission through locking and holding. The second Hanumanti which is for technical superiority. The third refers to Bhimaseni , which focused on sheer strength and the fourth is said to be Jarasandhi that focuses on breaking the limb and joint.

10. 'Pari-Khanda'

Description: Jagranjosh

Originated in: Bihar, created by Rajputs.

• 'Pari' means shield while 'Khanda' denotes sword. Hence, both shield and sword are used in this art.

• It involves in battle using sword and shield.

• Its steps and techniques are used in Chhau dance of Bihar.

Mallakhamba:

Here Malla means physical force and Khamba means pillar.
Mallakhamb is mentioned in the texts of the Chalukya period in the 12th century. Peshwa Bajirao II's guru Balambhatta Dada Deodhar resumed its practice.
In this, players demonstrate their skill by climbing a pole that is submerged in the ground.
Another type of mallakhamb uses ropes. In this, the participants perform various yoga activities by hanging with the help of a rope.
This game develops all the parts of the body and the physical strength, stamina, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility and courage etc., necessary for life, can be developed rapidly.
Ujjain has a special place among the famous centers of Mallakhamb at the national level.
In the year 2013, the Madhya Pradesh government declared it as its state sport.

Handicrafts and Costumes in India

India has its own distinct identity in the production of handicraft products of various sectors.

The main areas in these are-

Kashmir - For embroidered shawls , rugs , furniture made of namdar , silk and walnut wood.
Rajasthan - For bandhej clothes , diamond-jeweled jewellery , shiny utensils and meenakari.
Telangana - For Bidri work and Pochampally silk sarees.
Chhattisgarh- Dhokra for metal crafts.
Tamil Nadu - For copper-figurines and Kanjeevaram saris.
Mysore - for silk sarees and sandalwood articles.
Kerala - for ivory carvings and rosewood wood furniture.
Madhya Pradesh - For Kosa (Tasar) silk and Chanderi silk sarees.
Lucknow - For the workmanship of chicken. The hand workmanship done by various stitches with needle and thread on fine cloth is called Chikan art of Lucknow.

Banaras is particularly known for its silk saris with brocade and zari, and Assam for its cane furniture. The terracotta of Bankura in West Bengal and hand made cloth of Murshidabad , Birbhum , Hooghly districts are famous in the country as well as abroad.

List of textiles famous as Geographical Indication in different states

State	famous clothing as a geographical indication
Bihar	Sujni Embroidery
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow Chikankari , Banarasi Zari Embroidery & Sarees
Punjab	Phulkari
Gujarat	Tangalia Shawls , Kutch Shawls , Patola Sarees , Zari Embroidery (Surat)
Madhya Pradesh	Chanderi saris , Maheshwari saris
Odisha	Peepli patch work , Khandua saris , Hbspuri saris Bomkai saris , Berhampore Board saris
Maharashtra	Paithani Sarees , Puneri Turbans
Chhattisgarh	Champa Silk Sarees
Telangana	Gadwal Sarees
Himachal Pradesh	Chamba Rumal , Kinnauri Shawl , Kullu Shawl
West Bengal	Baluchari Sarees , Kantha Embroidery , Dhaniyakhali Sarees Shantipuri Sarees
Andhra Pradesh	Mangalagiri saris , Uppdha damask saris Venktgiri saris
Karnataka	Kasuti Embroidery , Molakalmuru Sarees , Ilkal Sarees
Kerala	Kuthampulli Sarees , Kasaragod Sarees , Balrampur Sarees
Jammu and Kashmir	Pashmina Shawl , Kani Shawl
Tamil Nadu	Kovai Kora Cotton , Puthukkuli Shawl.

Geographical Indication status of handicrafts in different regions of the country

handicrafts	State
Pochampally Ikat	Telangana
Khatwa Patchwork	Bihar
Farrukhabad Printing , Banaras Pink Meenakari , Wooden Toys , Mirzapur Doors , Bhadohi Carpets , Banarasi Sarees and Brocades	Uttar Pradesh
Tiger Print (Block Printing)	Madhya Pradesh
Sanganeri Head Block Printing , Bagru Head Block Printing	Rajasthan
Sandur Lambani Embroidery	Karnataka
Toda Embroidery	Tamil Nadu

Indian Languages and Scripts

Script is a system of symbols under which languages are written.
Looking at the cave paintings of Bhimbetka in India, it is clear that the art of writing started with hieroglyphs.
The origin of the script in India is believed to be from the Harappan civilization, but till date man has not been able to read that script.
Apart from this some other scripts are-

brahmi script

Brahmi is the mother of most of the scripts of India and has been used in the writings of Emperor Ashoka.
From the 5th century BC to 350 BC, it has only one form, but later it gets two divisions - the northern stream and the southern stream.
In the northern section of Brahmi, the Gupta script, the devious script, Sharda and Devanagari have been kept.
The southern stream includes Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Kalinga, Granth, Central indigenous and Western scripts.
The Brahmi script was written from left to right.

Kharosthi script

This script, prevalent in the northwestern regions of India, was written from right to left.
It is believed to have evolved from scripts of foreign origin i.e. Aramaic and Syrian scripts.
This script, with a total of 37 characters, lacked vowels, even syllables and ligatures are not found.
The evidence of Kharoshthi script is found in the inscriptions located at Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra (Pakistan) of Emperor Ashoka.

James Prinsep (1799-1840): James Prinsep, the founder of the 'Asiatic Society of Bengal', is known to have read Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts for the first time in the modern era.

devnagari script

The Devanagari script, written from left to right, is a very systematic and scientific script.
It has excellent coordination of sounds and letters.
The Devanagari script has been recognized in the Constitution of India (Article (1).
Devanagari has been used in North India from the 8th century till date in many languages, such as- Sanskrit, Marathi, Hindi, Bhojpuri, Nepali, Konkani, Maithili, Garhwali etc.

sharda script

Many inscriptions of this script developed from 'Siddha Matrika script' in Kashmir in the eighth century have been found in Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh etc.

Gurmukhi script

The 'Guru Granth Sahib' has been compiled in Punjabi language in this script developed by Angad, the second Guru of the Sikhs.

bibliography

It was developed by the Pallava, Pandya and Chola rulers of South India (Tamil Nadu).
Descriptions are inscribed in the scripture on the Dharmaraja chariot at Mahabalipuram.
The inscriptions engraved on the Kailash temple, built by Raj Singh, are in the scripture itself.

Telugu and Kannada script

The origin of both these scripts is the same and the Halebid inscription (Karnataka) of Chalukya period is the earliest evidence of this.
Later this script was divided independently into Telugu and Kannada scripts.

Tamil-Malayalam script

Both have evolved from the scripture script.

Shahmukhi script

It is the Punjabi version of the Iranian script used by the Sufis.

modi script

Yaduvanshi Mahamantri Hematri started it.
Due to the twists in the letters, it was called Modi script.
Before 1950, Marathi was written in this script.

Different languages spoken in the states

sequence	State	Main language	Other languages spoken
A	Kerala Punjab Gujarat Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Himachal Pradesh Tamil Nadu West Bengal Andhra Pradesh	Malayalam (96.6% ) Punjabi (92.2%) Gujarati (91.5%) Hindi (91.0%) Hindi (90.1%) Hindi (89.6%) Hindi (88.9%) Tamil (86.7%) Bangla (86.0%) Telugu (84.8%)	Tamil, Kannada Hindi, Urdu Hindi, Sindhi Punjabi, Urdu Urdu, Punjabi Bhili, Urdu Punjabi, Kinnauri Telugu, Kannada Hindi, Urdu Urdu, Hindi
B	Madhya Pradesh Bihar Odisha Mizoram Maharashtra	Hindi (85.6% ) Hindi (80.9%) Oriya (82.08%) Lusai (75.1%) Marathi (73.3%)	Bhili, Gondi Urdu, Santhali Hindi, Telugu Bangla, Lakher Hindi, Urdu
C	Goa Meghalaya Tripura Karnataka		Marathi, Kannada, Garo, Bangla Tripuri, Hindi Urdu, Telugu
D	Sikkim Manipur Assam		Bhotia, Lepcha Thadou, Thangkhul Bangla, Baro
E	Arunachal Pradesh Nagaland		Nepali, Bangla Sema, Konyak

classical language

In order to preserve and promote the ancient literary tradition of some Indian languages, they are given the status of 'Classical Language' by the Central Government. At present, 6 languages of India have the status of classical languages. The classical languages of India are Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Odia. For any language to be granted classical language status, it is necessary to fulfill certain official criteria set by the government. Those criteria are as follows-

The history of the earliest texts written in that language should be about 1500-2000 years old.
There should be such a set of ancient literature/texts in the concerned language, which the generations speaking that language accept as a priceless heritage.
That language should have its own original literary tradition, which is not adopted by any other linguistic community.
Classical language and its literature are different from modern language and literature, so there can be a divergence between classical language and its later forms.

After getting the status of classical language, the central government provides the following benefits to the said language –

Arrangement to give two big honors every year to eminent scholars of the concerned language.
Establishment of centers of excellence for study in that language.
Initially, by requesting the University Grants Commission (UGC), to reserve some seats in classical language in central universities for eminent scholars specializing in the respective language.

education in india

Education in ancient times

Vedic Period Education - In the Vedic period, education was called the source of light, because it plays the role of a guide for human life. The main centers of education during this period were the ashrams of Rishi-Muni and Acharyas , which were called ' Gurukul ' . This Gurukul used to be the residence of the teachers , where the Acharya used to arrange for the students' accommodation , food , clothes etc.

The Gurukul education of the student started with the Upanayana ceremony. The entire study period was fixed at 10 years. After completing the Gurukul's education and leaving the Gurukul, the student had ' Samvartan Sanskar ' . After the completion of this sanskar, the student left the ' Brahmacharya Ashram ' and entered the householder's rest . In the Vedic period, education was given alphabetically. The age of starting education for the children of Brahmin , Kshatriya and Vaishya Varna was also fixed separately.

Education - Buddhism, which emerged as an alternative to Brahmanism in the late sixth century BC, developed a new system of education. The centers of education during this period were monasteries and viharas. Every student had to take admission in these monasteries and viharas to get education. The existence of this education system in India lasted from 600 BC to 600 AD i.e. 1200 years. The first university of India ' Takshashila ' was famous as a center of Buddhist education. The largest university in the country during this period was Nalanda University , which had 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers. Other famous centers of education were Vikramshila , Vallabhi , Odantapuri , Nadia etc.

Even Buddhism, philosophy , logic , Planetary Science , astronomy , medicine , mathematics , chemistry, etc. subject was taught.

Contents of Ancient Education-

Rigvedic period education- Vedic literature was the subject of education in the Rigvedic period or pre-vedic period. Along with Vedic hymns, subjects like history, mythology , astronomy , astrology , verses, etc. were taught. After the composition of the Brahmana texts in the later Vedic age, they also became involved in the content of education. Later on, keeping in mind the pure recitation of Vedic mantras, methods like Padpath , Jaipath , Karmapath etc. were brought into practice. Later on, 6 Vedangas were composed for the purpose of facilitating the study of Vedic literature and these also became an integral part of the education system.

Sutra period education - In place of Vedic literature in the Sutra period, other subjects such as Ramayana , Mahabharata , astronomy , sculpture , ship building etc. Scientific and vocational education were also included in the subject matter. Many changes were seen in the Indian social structure during the Maurya and post-Mauryan period. The progress of trade-commerce and the process of urbanization increased the prestige of the business class. These business classes also came forward in discharging social responsibilities by forming various trade unions. In this way he made a substantial contribution to the development of education.

Mauryan Education - By this time various trade unions started to be established as important centers of technical education. Through these centers he started teaching mining, metallurgy , carpentry , weaving and dyeing of cloth etc. As the process of urbanization began, new styles of architecture began to develop. It happened with that. Along with this, these associations also promoted the study of constellations (astronomy) keeping in mind the help of sailors during sea voyage. At this time, there was a debate between astronomers and creation scientists about the concept of time. Medical knowledge emerged in the form of ' Ayurveda ' . Information about the medicinal properties of herbs and its use was encouraged.

Gupta Education - Pataliputra, Mathura , Ujjain and Nashik were famous as the main centers of education during the Gupta period . Nalanda University, established during the Gupta period, held an important place in the field of education, not only in India , but in the whole of Asia. Here subjects like Vedanta , Darshana , Purana , Grammar , Logic , Nakshatra , Science , Medicine etc. were taught.

Post -Gupta period - In the post-Gupta period, the reign of Harsha was the first from the point of view of development of education. At this time, education was given in temples, monasteries , as in earlier times, and the subjects of education remained the same. Taxila , Nalanda , Gaya , Ujjain were famous as the major centers of education during this period . The famous Chinese traveler Hensang studied Buddhist texts for many years at Nalanda University. Colleges attached to temples emerged as new centers of education in the post-Gupta period. In these centers exclusively Brahminical education was imparted and the medium of instruction here was Sanskrit. Only upper caste and Dwij were allowed to enter these educational centres. Due to the use of Sanskrit as the medium of instruction, the general public kept away from education and the society remained privileged over education of the so-called upper castes.

Development of Science and Technology in India

Science and Technology in Ancient India - Ancient Indian history has been famous not only for its cultural richness but also for knowledge, science and philosophy , in which there was substantial development of mathematics , chemistry , astrology , Ayurveda etc. Evidence from the Indus Valley Civilization shows that it was an advanced civilization. Archaeological evidence proves that the first technological revolution took place around 3000-4000 years before Christ. The major inventions of this period included the use of fire , flood control , development of plow and irrigation techniques for agriculture , animal husbandry , techniques of smelting metals and giving them various forms , discovery of wheel and potter's wheel etc. During this period, India was very prosperous at the technical level. The architecture , town planning and architecture of the cities were at a very advanced stage. Scientific techniques were used in irrigation , metallurgy , brick making and area and volume measurement.

Mathematics - Many art forms based on mathematical principles have been found at the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization. A large number of scales have also been found, which were probably used in the measurement of length. The ' zero tenth calculation method ' of mathematics, Aryabhata's square root , the method of finding cube root , ' sine ' theory and Brahmagupta's discovery of the characteristics of a quadrilateral, as well as systematic development of square root, have also been great achievements of ancient India.

Astronomy and Astrology - Aryabhata gave new heights to astronomy. There are a total of 121 verses in his ' Aryabhattiyam ' book. The Astro clinical definitions , different methods to identify the exact position of the stars , describing the sun and moon's movements , a number of segments such as eclipses calculated. He propounded that the earth is round. All these experiences have also been described by Varahamihira in his treatise ' Panchadhdhantika ' . In the Panchasiddhantika, the essence of the five principles of astronomy (which includes the essence of the book ' Surysiddhanta ' ) is given.

Astronomy is discussed in detail by Brahmagupta in his book ' Brahmasphut Siddhanta ' and Bhaskaracharya in ' Siddhanta Shiromani ' . ' Siddhanta Shiromani ' is a composition written in Sanskrit.

Prominent scientists of ancient India-

Budhayn- Baudhayana sixth century before Christ mathematician, who first " discovered " calculated values.

Arybhatt- ' Aryabhata' sixth century mathematician fifth , Nkshtrvid , the knower of Jyotisvid and physics. His famous treatise ' Arybttyym ' is , which is a summary of the time the mathematician.

Aryabhata square root, cube , triangle area , pyramid volume , gave the circle area, etc. concepts.
Aryabhata explained zero as a sign, not just a number.

Varahamihira - Varahamihira made special contributions in the field of hydrology, geological science and environmental science.

Brahmagupta – Brahmagupta was an astrologer and mathematician of ancient India. He has composed major texts like ' Brahmasphut Siddhanta ' and ' Khandkhadya ' .

Major treatise Brmhgupt ' Brmhasfut principle ' is , which use of zero is as a separate issue.
Brahmagupta developed the ' Cyclone Method ' to solve quadratic undetermined equations .

Crk- treatises of ancient Indian " father of pharmacology " is considered ; He was the royal doctor in the court of Kanishka. He was the first doctor , who digestion , presented to the world the concept of metabolism and body immunity.

Susrut- sixth century Born in East Kashi BC Sushruta the ' Pitamah surgery " is called. The famous treatise of surgery ' Sushruta Samhita ' was composed by him. Sushruta, a specialist in surgery, has also told the method of operations like connecting bones and cataract of the eyes. Surgical procedures (neuro-surgery) on the nerves for the relief of diseases have also been mentioned in the Sushruta Samhita. Sushruta has very soon given a description of the method of joining the cut limbs in a pure form. In fact, ' Charakasamhita ' and ' Sushrutasamhita ' proved to be the basis texts in the field of Indian medicine .

Maharishi Kanada - The scientist of the sixth century BCE, Maharishi Kanada was the exponent of ' Vaishesika Darshan ' , one of the six Indian philosophies . According to Maharishi Kanad , this material world is made up of atoms , which cannot be seen by the human eye.

Maharishi Patanjali - Three major texts written by Patanjali - commentary on Yogasutra Ashtadhyayi and texts on Ayurveda are found.

The commentary written by Patanjali on Panini's Ashtadhyayi is called ' Mahabhashya ' .

Panini - The author of the grammar named ' Ashtadhyayi ' , Panini was a great scholar of the Sanskrit language of the fifth century BC. Eight chapters and about four thousand sutras have been given in the Ashtadhyayi grammar.

Science and Technology in Medieval India- During this period science and technology developed in two streams:

Knowledge based on ancient traditions.
Knowledge based on new ideas derived from Islamic and European influences.

Math Brmhgupt was a famous mathematician of the seventh century, who negative number of loans displayed as area and as positive destiny. On these grounds it is clear that ancient Indians knew how to use mathematics in the field of business.

There were two famous texts in the field of mathematics in the early Middle Ages:

' Ganthesara ' by Sridhar
' Lilavati ' by Bhaskaracharya

Astronomy- 1. There were major observatories at Ujjain, Banaras , Mathura and Delhi. Firoz Shah Tughlaq built an observatory in Delhi.

2. Firoz Shah Bahmani built an observatory in Daulatabad.

3. Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II of Jaipur built constellation observatories at Delhi, Ujjain , Varanasi , Mathura and Jaipur.

Chemistry - The use of paper started in India in the medieval period itself. Chemistry had a special contribution in the manufacture of paper. During this time, Mysore, Aurangabad , Ahmedabad , Kashmir , Sialkot , Zafarabad , Patna etc. State , were renowned center for this type of paper produced by the factories of paper. This type of paper was manufactured from the paper factory established in Mysore during the time of Tipu Sultan. Was Suprdhdi aroma of perfume Gujab in the period , credited with creating the mother of Noor Jahan ' Asmat Begum ' is given.

Science and Technology in Modern India - Due to the efforts of Dr. Shantiswarup Bhatnagar on September 26, 1942 , the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) was established as an autonomous organization in Delhi.

Two state bodies-

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR )
Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO )

Both these institutes are playing a supporting role in this direction in the manufacture of various chemicals, machines , medicines, pesticides , food technology etc.

Nuclear Energy - As a result of the tireless efforts of Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, ' Atomic Energy Commission ' was formed in 1948 . From the very beginning, India's objective was to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

Space Technology - The space program originated with the formation of the Indian Committee for Space Research in 1962, with the objective of achieving self-reliance in space technology for national development. 1969 in " Indian Space Research Organization ' ever being achieved new milestones. After the success of PMLV , GSLV , space launch vehicles , India is now moving towards a reusable launch vehicle. After the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Mars mission, now work is going on at a fast pace on Chandrayaan-2.

The leading scientists of modern times-

Jagadishchandra Bose (1858-1937 ) - Jagadishchandra Bose did scientific research in the field of micro waves. It was Bose who suggested the existence of electromagnetic radiation coming from the Sun, which was confirmed in 1944. He developed an instrument called the crescograph , which can record even one millionth of a millimeter of progress of a plant's growth rate.

Srinivasa Ramanutajan (1887–1920 ) - He learned mathematics by himself and compiled about 3900 theorems of mathematics during his lifetime. In 1911 he ' Journal of Indian Mathetikl Society ' in ' some properties bernoulli numbers " published a paper on the subject. This letter earned him special recognition among the people of Madras as a mathematical genius. His birthday is celebrated as ' National Mathematics Day ' in India on 22 December .

CV Raman (1888-1970 ) - In the year 1930, Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman received the Nobel Prize in Physics. CV Raman was the first Asian scientist to receive this honor in physics. 28 February is celebrated as National Science Day to commemorate the discovery of ' Raman Effect ' .

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909-1966 ) - He is called the father of Indian nuclear science. The Atomic Energy Commission was established in August 1948. Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha became the first secretary of the Atomic Energy Commission. Dr. Bhabha was given the Adams Award in 1943 , the Hopkins Award in 1948 and the ' Padma Bhushan ' by the Government of India in 1954 for his immense contribution in the field of science .

Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1919-1971 ) - Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai is also known as the father of the Indian space program. He started research on space rays at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the guidance of Nobel Laureate CV Raman .

Vikram A. Sarabhai's biggest contribution has been the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization in 1969.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931-2015 ) - Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is known as a great scientist, thinker , statesman and an ideal teacher. He was the 11th elected President of India and was awarded the ' Bharat Ratna ' in 1997 . Sales for Ailestik missile launch and development of vehicle technology dr. Kalam ' missile man ' is also known by the name of. He developed defense projects like ' Prithvi ', ' Agni ' , ' Trishul ', ' Akash ', and ' Nag ' . He also put his ideas in front of the society through books in literary form. Books like ' India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium ', ' Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power within India ', ' My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions ' reflect his thoughts.

world heritage sites in india

Sites are known as World Heritage Sites because of their special cultural or physical importance , as listed by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) . The list of World Heritage Sites World Heritage Program ' (World Heritage Programme) is prepared by UNESCO's World Heritage Committee by (World Heritage Committee) is administered the program.

UNESCO seeks to encourage the identification, protection and protection of cultural and natural heritage (considered of outstanding value to humanity) around the world.
It is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in the year 1972.
There are 38 World Heritage Sites in India including 30 cultural, 7 natural and 1 mixed.

UNESCO

UNESCO ie 'United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization' is a part of the United Nations.

Headquarters - Paris (France)

Formation - November 16, 1945

Tasks: To promote international peace through education, nature and social sciences, culture and communication.

Objective - Its purpose is to establish peace and security through international cooperation of education and culture, so that a global consensus can be reached for justice, rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms as mentioned in the Charter of the United Nations.

Cultural Places in India (30)

1. Agra Fort (1983)

It is a Mughal monument built in the 16th century.
It is constructed with red sandstone.
Jahangir Mahal and Khas Mahal built by Shah Jahan are present in this fort.

2. Ajanta Caves (1983)

Location: These caves are located as a chain of rock-cut caves in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats) near the Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
Number of Caves: There are a total of 29 caves (all Buddhist), of which 25 were used as viharas or residential caves, while 4 were used as chaityas or prayer halls.
Development of caves in 200 BC took place between 650 AD.

3. Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara (2016)

Remains of a monastery and educational institution dating from the 3rd century BC to the 13th century AD.
The archeology of this Mahavihara includes stupas, temples and viharas (residential and educational buildings) as well as important artifacts on stone and metal.
It is considered to be the oldest university in the Indian subcontinent.

4. Buddhist Monument at Sanchi (1989)

It is the oldest Buddhist sanctuary currently in existence and was a major Buddhist center in India until the 12th century.
Its pillars, palaces, temples and monasteries were built by different kingdoms (mostly in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC).

5. Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)

The park contains the remains of a hill fort of an early Hindu capital built in prehistoric times and the capital of the state of Gujarat built in the 16th century.
These ruins also include palaces, religious buildings, residential complexes, agricultural infrastructure, etc., dating back to the 8th to 14th centuries .
The temple of Kalikamata, situated on the top of Pavagadh hill is considered an important pilgrimage center, which is visited by a large number of pilgrims throughout the year.
The site is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city.

6. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (Victoria Terminus) (2004)

The development of Victorian Gothic architecture in India coincided with the traditional architecture of India.
The building was built by the British architect F. W. Designed by Stevens. Built in the Victorian Gothic style, this building is the identity of Bombay.
According to a High Victorian Gothic design based on medieval Italian models, construction of the terminal began in 1878 and was completed in 10 years.
The domes, turrets, pointed arches, etc. of the buildings built under this architecture are similar to the traditional Indian palace architecture.

7. Churches and Monasteries of Goa (1986)

Church of Goa and monasteries, especially the Basilica of Bom Jesus (Basilica of Bom Jesus) indicate the beginning of evangelization in Asia.
The Basilica of Bom Jesus also houses the holy tomb of St. Francis Xavier.
These monuments are known for the spread of Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque art in major parts of Asia .

8. Elephanta Caves (1987)

Elephanta, earlier known as Gharapuri, was the island capital of the Konkani Mauryas.
Elephanta Island is 10 km from the Gateway of India in Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. Is situated at this distance.
These caves have a collection of sculptures related to Shaivism .
These caves were constructed between 5th to 6th century AD.

9. Ajanta and Ellora Caves

10. Fatehpur Sikri (1986)

It was built by Emperor Akbar in the second half of the 16th century. Fatehpur Sikri was also the capital of the Mughal Empire for a short period.
It also houses many other monuments including one of the largest mosques in India, Jama Masjid.

11. Great Living Chola Temple (1987, 2004)

Built by the kings of the Chola Empire, these temples reveal the precision and perfection of the Cholas in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting.
The temple is a group of three temples built in the 11th and 12th centuries: the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadeeswara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.
The vimanas of Gangaikondacholisvaram built by Rajendra I and Airavatesvara temple built by Rajaraja are 53 meters and 24 meters high respectively.
Brihadeshwara and Airavatesvara Temples

12. Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)

This site was the last capital of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
The temple and palace at Hampi were built between the 14th and 16th centuries by the Vijayanagara rulers.
The temples of Hampi are known for their large dimensions, floral ornamentation, vivid carvings, huge pillars, splendid mandapas and sculptures and traditional painting depicting themes from Ramayana and Mahabharata.

13. Memorial Group at Mahabalipuram (1984)

This group of monuments was established by the Pallava kings in the 7th and 8th centuries on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal .
These temples are mainly carved out of rocks, with the more popular being the 'Arjuna's Penance' or 'Descent of the Ganges' and the Shore Temple series of cave temples. Huh.
These monuments include five chariots, monolithic temples, ruins of seven temples, hence the city was also known as Sapta Pagoda.

14. Pattadakal Group of Monuments (1987)

Pattadakal in Karnataka is famous for the 'Besar style' temples built by the Chalukya dynasty of Badami during the 7th and 8th centuries .
Of the 10 major temples built here, there are nine Shiva temples and one Jain temple, of which the 'Temple of Virupaksha' is the most famous. This temple was built by Queen Lokmahadevi to commemorate her husband's victory over the Pallavas of Kanchi.

15. Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)

This heritage site includes six majestic forts located at Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Sawai Madhopur, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and Jhalawar in Rajasthan.
The splendid presence of forts on this land reflects the lifestyle and nature of the Rajput rule from the 8th to the 18th century.
These fortifications surround urban centres, palaces, trading centers and temples, where various forms of art and culture flourished.

16. Historic City of Ahmedabad (2017)

The city of Ahmedabad was established in the 15th century by Sultan Ahmed Shah on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati river . The city served as the capital of the state of Gujarat for centuries.
The city is a testimony to the harmonious existence of diverse religions. The architectural heritage here includes the fort of Bhadra, the walls and gates of the old cities and several mosques and tombs besides Hindu and Jain temples.

17. Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)

Built in the year 1570, this tomb has long been of cultural importance as it was the first garden-tomb built in India.
This tomb was the source of inspiration for many other architectural innovations including the Taj Mahal.

18. Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)

Jaipur city (walled city) was established in the year 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II.
The city of Jaipur was built according to the studio plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture.
The streets of the city have facilitated business since the colonial period. These roads meet each other at large squares called chaupads.
Elements of ancient Hindu, Mughal and Western countries have been used in the planning of the city.

19. Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)

Built in the 10th and 11th centuries by the Chandela dynasty, these temple complexes represent a unique example of architecture and sculpture.
The number of temples here built in the Nagara style is now only 20, in which the temple of Kandariya Mahadev is particularly famous.
The temples here belong to two religions- Jain and Hindu.

20. Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Bodh Gaya (2002)

The first temple in this complex was built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE and the present temple is believed to have been built in the 5th or 6th century CE.
It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples built entirely of bricks.
The Mahabodhi temple complex is one of the four sacred sites related to the life of Lord Buddha.

21. Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005, 2008)

Three railways of the Mountain Railways of India are included in the list of World Heritage Sites.
Darjeeling Hill Railway: This railway is the most outstanding example of hill passenger railway.
It was started in the year 1881. It is a bold engineering attempt to solve the problem of establishing an effective rail link in a very beautiful mountainous area.
Nilgiri Mountain Railway: This line started in 1891 and completed by 1908, is a 46 km long meter-gauge single-track railway in Tamil Nadu.
Kalka-Shimla Railway: It is a 96.6 km long, single track working rail link built in the middle of 19th century to connect Shimla .

22. Qutub Minar and its other monuments, New Delhi (1993)

The construction of Qutub Minar was started during the time of Qutbuddin Aibak and completed during the time of Iltutmish.
Its height is 72.5 m and base diameter is 14.32 m and 2.75 m respectively.
The main monuments found here are Ali Darwaza, Iron Pillar of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (II), Quwwatul Islam Mosque etc.

23. Rani Ki Vav, Patan (2014)

This stepwell was built in the memory of Solanki King Bhimdev I of Gujarat by his wife Rani Udayamati in the year 1050 on the banks of Saraswati river.
Terraced wells have been a special form of underground water source and storage systems in the Indian sub-continent and have been dated to 3,000 BC. is being made.
The Maru-Gurjara architectural style has been used in this complex, showcasing the technique and the exquisite artistic ability of the subtleties and proportions.

24. Red Fort Complex, Delhi (2007)

The Red Fort, built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the year 1648, is named after the massive red sandstone walls.
The entire Red Fort complex includes the Salimgarh Fort, built by Islam Shah Suri in the year 1546.
The Red Fort presents a complete reflection of Mughal architectural innovation and craftsmanship.

25. Shell Residences of Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh (2003)

These residences were discovered by 'Vishnu Sridhar Wakankar' in the year 1975.
This site is located in 'Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary' near Abdulaganj in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.
Out of more than 700 rock shelters found here, 400 rock shelters are decorated with paintings.

26. Sun Temple, Konark (1984)

The Konark Sun Temple, situated on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, is a giant replica of the chariot of Lord Surya. This temple is located in Puri district of Odisha.
The 24 wheels of the chariot are decorated with symbolic designs and are depicted pulling the chariot by seven horses.
The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century by Narasimha Deva I, the ruler of the Ganga dynasty.

27. Taj Mahal, Agra (1983)

The Taj Mahal (Agra) is a white marble mausoleum built by the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is situated on the bank of river Yamuna.
The construction of the Taj Mahal was completed in a period of 17 years from the year 1631 to the year 1648.
It is famous for its unique texture and appearance.

28. Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, Chandigarh (2016)

The father of this architecture was a famous Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier.
This architectural heritage consists of 17 sites spread across 7 countries, in which the expression of modern architectural style is seen.
This architecture introduced apartments and modular design in buildings to provide better residential facilities to people in crowded cities.
Apart from the complex in Chandigarh, Le Corbusier has also designed the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh Architecture College .

29. Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)

Jantar Mantar was built in the early 18th century to observe astronomical conditions. A set of 20 main instruments were installed in this site to make accurate observations.
It shows the manifestation of astronomical skills and knowledge revived in the Mughal period by the Indians.

30. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles, Mumbai (2018)

The site includes a collection of 19th-century Victorian structures (namely Victorian Gothic Renaissance buildings) and 20th-century Art Deco buildings along the beach.
Both these styles match Indian architectural elements. For example, buildings designed in Victorian Neo-Gothic styles are endowed with balconies and porches. Similarly, Indo-Deco is used to describe the style that emerged after adding Indian elements to Art Deco.

Natural Sites In India (7)

Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014)

Located in the western part of the Himalayan mountains in the state of Himachal Pradesh, this park is known for its high alpine peaks, alpine meadows and forests along the river .
The area is also surrounded by glaciers along with their catchment area including several rivers.
It is a biodiversity hotspot area with 25 types of forests and many types of wildlife, many of which are in critical condition.

Kaziranga National Park (1985)

Keoladeo National Park (1985)

It is a wetland located in the state of Rajasthan which was used as a duck shooting reserve till the end of 19th century. However, hunting was soon banned in it and in the year 1982 the area was declared a national park.
This national park is home to 375 bird species and various other types of fauna. It is intended to provide winter shelter for the Palaearctic Migratory Waterfow, the critically endangered Siberian Crane, as well as the globally endangered Greater Spotted Eagle and Imperial Eagle. works.
It welcomes a large number of non-migratory breeding birds every year.

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a biodiversity hotspot located in Assam. It is part of the Manas Tiger Reserve and is spread along the Manas River.
Forest Hill, alluvial grasslands and a series of tropical evergreen forests are the reason for the beauty and serene environment of this site.
It provides habitat for a variety of endangered species such as tiger, one-horned rhino, swamp deer, pygmy hog and Bengal florican .

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park (1988, 2005)

Both these beautiful national parks are located in the extraordinarily high altitude western Himalayan region in the state of Uttarakhand.
Nanda Devi National Park is dotted with rugged and high-altitude forests in which Nanda Devi, the second highest mountain peak in India, exists. In contrast, alpine flower types are seen in the Valley of Flowers.
These parks are home to a wide variety of flower and animal species, as well as a significant population of globally threatened species – the Snow Leopard, the Himalayan Musk Deer, etc.

Sunderbans National Park (1987)

Western Ghats (2012)

The Western Ghats are a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of India, extending across the states of Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
It is 1600 km. It is long which covers a vast area and is 30 km near Palghat pass. The region of 11 degrees north is fragmented only once.
The Western Ghats also influence the Indian monsoon weather pattern as it acts as a barrier to the raindrop-borne monsoon winds that come from the southwest.
The Western Ghats are home to tropical evergreen forests as well as 325 globally threatened species.

Mixed Destinations of India (1)

Kangchenjunga National Park (2016)

The world's third highest peak, Mount Khangchendzonga, is present in this national park located in Sikkim.
The park includes snow-capped hills and various lakes and glaciers, including the 26-kilometre-long Zemu Glacier, which is located at the base of Mount Khangchendzonga.
It covers about 25% of the state of Sikkim and ensures a habitable environment for various endemic and threatened plant and animal species.

Honors & Awards

Role- The Republic of India honors its citizens by expressing their gratitude for the excellent creation done in various fields and the invaluable contribution made by them towards the nation and society.

Bharat Ratna- ' Bharat Ratna ' is the highest civilian award of India, established in 1954. This award is given for outstanding achievement and exceptional service in any field. The award can be presented to a maximum of three people (given to four in 1999) in a year , which is recommended by the Prime Minister himself to the President. The person is presented with a certificate of honor and a medal signed by the President. The bronze medal in the shape of a peepal leaf has a rising sun made of platinum on one side, under which ' Bharat Ratna ' is written in Devanagiri script and on the other hand the national emblem of India is engraved on the other side made of platinum. Like other decorations, this honor cannot be used as a title along with the name.

Bharat Ratna Awardee
The year	Name
1954	Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman.
1955	Dr. Bhagwan Das Dr. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
1957	Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant.
1958	Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve.
1961	Dr. Vidhanchandra Roy Purushottam Das Tandon.
1962	Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
1963	Dr. Zakir Hussain , Dr. P.V. Why?
1966	Lal Bahadur Shastri (Posthumous).
1971	Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
1975	VV Mountain.
1976	K. Kamaraj (posthumously).
1980	Mother Teresa.
1983	Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Posthumous).
1987	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
1988	MG Ramachandran (posthumously).
1990	Bhimrao Ambedkar (posthumously) , Nelson Mandela.
1991	Rajiv Gandhi (posthumously) , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (posthumously) , Morarji Desai.
1992	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Posthumous) JRD Tata , Satyajit Ray.
1997	Gulzarilal Nada , Aruna Asaf Ali (Posthumous) , APJ Abdul Kalam.
nineteen ninety eight	M / s. Subbulakshmi C. Subramaniam.
1999	Jaiprakash Narayan (Posthumous) , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bardoloi (Posthumous) Pandit Ravi Shankar.
2001	Lata Mangeshkar Ustad Bismillah Khan.
2009	Pandit Bhimsen Joshi.
2014	CNR Rao Sachin Tendulkar.
2015	Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya (Posthumous) , Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Padma Alankaran- After ' Bharat Ratna ' the highest civilian honor of the country is conferred in three categories i.e. ' Padma Bhushan ' and ' Padma Shri ' . These awards are given in respect of all fields , such as art , social work , public work , science and engineering , trade and industry , medicine , literature , sports , civil service etc. ' Padma Bhushan ' exceptional and distinguished service , ' Padma Bhushan ' excellent quality of specific services and ' Padma Shri ' are provided as a result of distinguished service in any field. These awards are announced every year on the occasion of Republic Day. The total number of these should not exceed 120 in a year (excluding awards given posthumously to Non-Resident Indian Overseas Citizens and Overseas Indian Nationals).

Awards given by Sahitya Akademi-

Sahitya Akademi Awards - Sahitya Akademi awards annually to the best literary works published in 24 Indian languages recognized by it (22 languages recognized by the Constitution and English, Rajasthani). The awards were first presented in 1955 ; Presently the award carries an engraved copper plate , shawl and Rs. 1 lakh is provided.

Bhasha Samman - Sahitya Akademi established Bhasha Samman in 1996 to encourage creative literature as well as academic research in non-recognized languages. Under Bhasha Samman, the award winner will get Rs. 1 lakh, a copper plate and a citation are given.

National Film Award for promoting artists and film-makers aimed at promoting film culture in the country's National Film Award ' begin providing went to in 1954 by the Government of India , in 1973 the prize " DFF ' are provided by. ' Dada Saheb Phalke Samman ' is India's highest film award , which is given to a person associated with the film genre , for his exceptional contribution to films. For the first time in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Samman was conferred on ' Devika Rani ' . The award carries a Swarna Kamal Citation , Rs. 1 lakh in cash and angavastra is provided.

Jnanpith Award - Jnanpith Award is the highest award for Indian literature given by Jnanpith Trust of India. An Indian citizen who composes literature in any one of the 22 languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India can receive this award. Prize in Rs. 11 lakh , a citation and a bronze statue of Saraswati.

KK Birla Foundation Award- by industrialist and philanthropist Krishna Kumar Birla in 1991 by K.K. Birla Foundation was established. The following awards are given by the institution in the field of literature-

Saraswati Samman – For literature written in any of the 22 languages scheduled in the Constitution, Rs. 15 lakh is given as an award.
Vyas Samman – For literature published in Hindi language Rs. 5 lakh is given under this award.
Bihari Puraskar- Bihari Puraskar is given annually for the outstanding Hindi/Rajasthani work of a writer from Rajasthan published in the last 10 years. The award carries a citation, insignia and Rs. An honorarium of 1 lakh is provided.

Gandhi Peace Award- Gandhi Peace Prize was instituted in 1995 in the name of Mahatma Gandhi. This award is given annually by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. This award is given to individuals and organizations for their contribution towards social, economic and political change through non-violence and other Gandhian methods . Under this award Rs. 1 crore , a plaque and a citation. This award can also be given to foreign individuals or institutions.

Indira Gandhi Award for Peace, Disarmament and Development - The award was instituted by the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust in the year 1986. This honor is given to an individual or institution for making a significant contribution to international peace , development work and the new international economic order. Under this award Rs. 25 lakh in cash , a trophy and a citation.

Man Booker Prize - Established in 1969, the Man Booker Prize is an important international literary award, given annually to a novel written in the English language and published in the United Kingdom.

Man Booker International Prize - Man Booker International Prize is given by the Booker Prize Foundation for the best translation in the English language. Earlier this award was given biennially, but since 2016 this award is given annually to an entire book in English language.

Pulitzer Prize - In the memory of Hungarian-American publisher Joseph Pulitzer, in 1917, the Pulitzer Prize was established by Columbia University to honor individuals and institutions in the fields of journalism, literary achievements and music , drama. In the field of journalism, the ' Pulitzer Prize ' holds the same reputation as the Nobel Prize.

Nobel Prize - The Nobel Prize is the world's highest award given in the fields of peace, literature , physics , chemistry , medical science and economics. The famous Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel (inventor of dynamite) had reserved a large part of his property for a trust before his death in December 1896. It was his wish that every year from the interest of this deposit register, such persons should be honored who are striving for the welfare of human life.

Nobel Prize winning Indian personality - 9 people belonging to India have been awarded Nobel Prize in different categories and subjects so far,

which nil Huh-

Rabindranath Tagore - India's first Nobel Laureate was Rabindranath Tagore. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his book ' Gitanjali ' .
Hargobind Khurana - Indian-origin scientist Hargobind Khurana was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1968 for his remarkable contribution in the field of medicine. The topic of his research was - what kind of comprehensive effect does eating antibiotics have on the body.
CV Raman - India's famous physicist C.V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Its subject of research was the discovery of the effects of light, which is known as the ' Raman Effect ' .
Mother Teresa - Mother Teresa of Albanian origin came to India in 1929 AD as a missionary and to serve the poor and sick people, she formed an organization named ' Missionaries of Charity ' and for leprosy patients and drug addicts. For this an organization named ' Nirmal Hriday ' was formed. For his remarkable contribution in the field of social service, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 AD.
Kailash Satyarthi - Kailash Satyarthi has been fighting for child rights through ' Bachpan Bachao Andolan ' . In 2014, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in view of the important work done by him for children.
Amartya Sen - Famous economist Amartya Sen is the first Asian person to win the Nobel in the field of economics. He rendered a public-welfare economist and authored several books on welfare and development. In view of his remarkable contribution in the field of economics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1998 AD.
Subramanian Chandrasekhar - The famous astrophysicist Dr. Subramanian Chandrasekhar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his research work on black holes. He authored many books on astrophysics and solar system related subjects. The limit he set for the constellations was named ' Chandrasekhar limit ' .
Venkataraman Ramakrishnan - The eminent scientist of Indian origin, Venkataraman Ramakrishnan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the year 2009 for his research in the field of structure and functioning of the ribosome.
VS Naipaul - Trinidad-born British citizen of Indian origin VS Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001.

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Uttar Pradesh Academy of Administration and Management

A Project

Under

Abhyudaya Yojana

“Notes on Art and Culture”

Indian civilization, present form of culture and its importance

Meaning of the word culture and difference between culture and civilization

Ancient Form of Indian Culture:

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam:

Ashram Arrangement:

Human Culture:

Present Form and Importance of Indian Culture:

Conclusion:

Indian architecture

Indian architecture, which has evolved over the centuries, is a result of socio-economic and geographical conditions. Indian architecture belongs to different periods of history.

Sandhav Architecture

Important sites of Harappan Civilization-

Maurya Pillar

Rock-Cut Architecture / Monolithic Architecture

Stupas, Chaityas and Viharas

Mughal Architecture

Sher Shah period architecture

Akbar carpet

Forts built by Akbar

Akbar's Tomb - It is located in Alexandria, it is three-storeyed, its main feature is the absence of a dome. It is influenced by Buddhist Viharas. The construction work of this tomb started only in the time of Akbar but it was completed in the time of Jahangir.

Jahangir's architecture

Shah Jahan Carpet Tomb

Agra buildings

Aurangzeb

Indian Sculpture

Harappan sculpture

Mauryan Sculpture

Shunga/Kushan Sculpture

Gandhara style

mathura style

Paleolithic Sculpture

Sculpture of Bundelkhand (Khajuraho)

10 different postures and hand gestures of Buddha and their meaning

Indian dance art

Folk Dances of Madhya Pradesh –

Folk Dances of Assam

Folk Dances of Uttar Pradesh –

Folk Dances of Gujarat-

Folk Dances of Karnataka-

Folk Dances of Punjab-

Folk Dance of Rajasthan –

Folk Dances of Maharashtra

Folk Dances of Jammu and Kashmir

Folk Dance of Chhattisgarh –

Dances of Andhra Pradesh

Folk Dances of Kerala-

Uttarakhand folk dance of -

Folk Dances of Bihar

Folk Dances of West Bengal –

Folk Dances of Himachal Pradesh –

Folk Dances of Orissa-

classical music

Hindustani classical music

famous martial arts in india

Indian Languages and Scripts

brahmi script

Kharosthi script

devnagari script

sharda script

Gurmukhi script

bibliography

Telugu and Kannada script

Tamil-Malayalam script

Shahmukhi script

modi script

Different languages ​​spoken in the states

Different languages spoken in the states

Other languages spoken